{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:38:29Z","timestamp":1792798709632,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2183","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NE\/R011532\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/R011532\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NE\/T001917\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/T001917\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a broad class of air pollutants which act as precursors to tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols. Total UK emissions of anthropogenic VOCs peaked in 1990 at 2,840\u2009kt\u2009yr\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            and then declined to approximately 810\u2009kt\u2009yr\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            in 2017 with large reductions in road transport and fugitive fuel emissions. The atmospheric concentrations of many non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) in the UK have been observed to fall over this period in broadly similar proportions. The relative contribution to emissions from solvents and industrial processes is estimated to have increased from approximately 35% in 1990 to approximately 63% in 2017. In 1992, UK national monitoring quantified 19 of the 20 most abundant individual anthropogenic VOCs emitted (all were NMHCs), but by 2017 monitoring captured only 13 of the top 20 emitted VOCs. Ethanol is now estimated to be the most important VOC emitted by mass (in 2017 approx. 136\u2009kt\u2009yr\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            and approx. 16.8% of total emissions) followed by\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            -butane (52.4\u2009kt\u2009yr\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            ) and methanol (33.2\u2009kt\u2009yr\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            ). Alcohols have grown in significance representing approximately 10% of emissions in 1990 rising to approximately 30% in 2017. The increased role of solvent emissions should now be reflected in European monitoring strategies to verify total VOC emission reduction obligations in the National Emissions Ceiling Directive. Adding ethanol, methanol, formaldehyde, acetone, 2-butanone and 2-propanol to the existing NMHC measurements would provide full coverage of the 20 most significant VOCs emitted on an annual mass basis.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>This article is part of a discussion meeting issue \u2018Air quality, past present and future\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2019.0328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T23:05:26Z","timestamp":1601247926000},"page":"20190328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["An increasing role for solvent emissions and implications for future measurements of volatile organic compounds"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"378","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4075-3651","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alastair C.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim R.","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Carslaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK"},{"name":"Ricardo Energy and Environment Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Oxon OX11 0QR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline F.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4493-4086","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Beth S.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Dernie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ricardo Energy and Environment Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Oxon OX11 0QR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Passant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ricardo Energy and Environment Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Oxon OX11 0QR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Murrells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ricardo Energy and Environment Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Oxon OX11 0QR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00966665.1954.10467649"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.2.9032209"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0803894"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es9605376"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo3018"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-321-2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1323740111"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-5155-2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04509"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35015540"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","unstructured":"Council Directive 1999\/13\/EC of 11 March 1999 on the limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain activities and installations. 1999. See https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ALL\/?uri=CELEX%3A31999L0013."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","unstructured":"Directive (EU) 2016\/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants amending Directive 2003\/35\/EC and repealing Directive 2001\/81\/EC. 2016. See https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2016.344.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2016:344:TOC."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","unstructured":"Directive 2004\/42\/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on the limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain paints and varnishes and vehicle refinishing products and amending Directive 1999\/13\/EC. 2004. See https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32004L0042."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","unstructured":"Directive 2008\/50\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. See https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/en\/ALL\/?uri=CELEX%3A32008L0050."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac403761u"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-2715-2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","unstructured":"EMEP\/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook. 2016 2016 EEA Report No. 21\/2016. See https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/emep-eea-guidebook-2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","unstructured":"Passant NR. 2002 Speciation of UK emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds. 2002 NAEI Report AEAT\/ENV\/R\/0545 prepared for DETR Air and Environmental Quality Division February 2002. 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