{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:55:55Z","timestamp":1785459355295,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2195","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering"},{"name":"Iowa Economic Development Authority","award":["13-NDRP-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13-NDRP-016"]}]},{"name":"USACE Water Institute"},{"name":"Iowa Flood Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The central USA experienced major flooding during spring 2019, with both the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers at major flood stage at several locations, causing levees to breach and widespread flooding. Here, we examine the total precipitation responsible for the spring 2019 flooding across the central USA from the perspective of weather types. We focus on the weather type (referred to as \u2018Midwest Water Hose\u2019 (MWH) (Zhang and Villarini. 2019\n                    <jats:italic>Climate Dynamics<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:bold>53<\/jats:bold>\n                    , 4217\u20134232. (\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s00382-019-04783-4\">doi:10.1007\/s00382-019-04783-4<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ))) that contributes the most to the total precipitation across the central USA. This weather type contributed to more than 70% of the total precipitation received across much of this region during January\u2013May 2019, and it has been occurring increasingly frequently over the past 40 years. Furthermore, we found that climate model experiments with the historical change of greenhouse gas concentration can well reproduce the observed rising trend, while this is not the case for the natural forcing experiments. Therefore, the rising trend and the high frequency of the MWH can be mainly attributed to the rising greenhouse gases caused by human activities, rather than natural forcing.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of a discussion meeting issue \u2018Intensification of short-duration rainfall extremes and implications for flash flood risks\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2019.0553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T03:05:41Z","timestamp":1614567941000},"page":"20190553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Greenhouse gases drove the increasing trends in spring precipitation across the central USA"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"379","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IIHR-Hydroscience &amp; Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9566-2370","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Villarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IIHR-Hydroscience &amp; Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2001)011[1194:NPPOUS]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2019.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2516"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","unstructured":"Andresen J Hilberg S Kunkel K Center MRC. 2012 Historical climate and climate trends in the Midwestern USA. US National Climate Assessment Midwest Technical Input Report 1\u201318."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2001)082<0219:HPAHSI>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-011-9415-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05773-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-3780(02)00008-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1995)076<0681:ACAWTM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-12-0191.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JHM1196.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-013-0705-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2941"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50188"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature26145"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1911"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2893"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001WR000495"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/415514a"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7930\/J0Z31WJ2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","first-page":"872","volume-title":"Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: fourth national climate assessment, volume II","author":"Angel J","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-019-04783-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119157052.ch9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017WR021318"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2009EO120001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-1937-2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-13-00451.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00094.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","unstructured":"Hoegh-Guldberg O et al 2018 Impacts of 1.5\u00b0C global warming on natural and human systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0758.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.828"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","volume-title":"Data mining: concepts and techniques","author":"Han J","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","first-page":"525","volume-title":"In KDD workshop on text mining","author":"Steinbach M","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","article-title":"Assessing objective techniques for gauge-based analyses of global daily precipitation","volume":"113","author":"Chen M","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-010-0977-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"In Climate change: multidecadal and beyond","author":"Wallace JM","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","volume-title":"Statistical methods in the atmospheric sciences","author":"Wilks DS","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00255.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","volume-title":"Attribution of extreme weather events in the context of climate change","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Medicine","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsta.2019.0553","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsta.2019.0553","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsta.2019.0553","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:23:39Z","timestamp":1778621019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsta\/article\/116548"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2195","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsta.2019.0553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2019.0553","relation":{},"ISSN":["1364-503X","1471-2962"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1364-503X","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2962","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-03-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}