{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T01:22:05Z","timestamp":1780363325633,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2203","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624233600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Several ASTM standards on the fracture of glued and welded joints need attention because they do not consider the Griffith energy criterion of cracking which was proposed a century ago. It is almost as if Griffith never existed because the ASTM definition of failure is the stress criterion postulated by Galileo in 1638 in which stress at failure (i.e. strength\u2009=\u2009force\/area) is defined as the determinant of fracture. Irene Martinez Villegas (Villegas, Rans 2021<jats:italic>Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A<\/jats:italic>376, 20200296. (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2020.0296\">doi:10.1098\/rsta.2020.0296<\/jats:ext-link>)) shows in this volume that attempts to use ASTM D5868 to standardize welded composite (carbon fibre reinforced polymer, CFRP) lap joints reveal major problems. First, the test is a low angle bend\u2013peel test; not shear. Second, the energy required to break the joint is not emphasized so that joints may have high strength properties but also low toughness; third, the fracture force is not proportional to the lap joint area so the concept of strength independent of sample size is false; fourth, as the CFRP panels are made thicker, the strength rises at constant overlap area so the strength can be any value you want; fifth, the strength of larger joints goes down; this is the size effect noted in many bend-cracking tests, much as Galileo suggested for bent beam fracture in his famous book \u2018the larger the machine, the greater its weakness'. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that poor ASTM \u2018shear strength\u2019 standards should be replaced by a definition of welded lap joint performance based on Griffith's energy conservation argument in which fracture surface energy is the main parameter resisting failure. The foundation of this Griffith-style lap joint analysis for long cracks goes back to 1975 but has been largely ignored until now because it does not fit the Griffith equation for cracked sheets, has no \u2018stress intensity factor\u2019, and travels at constant speed, not accelerating like the standard Griffith tension crack. This study of tensile delamination shows that a long lap crack is not driven by stress near the crack but by changes in stored elastic energy in the stretched strips remote from the crack tip, while strain energy release rate is negative. It would be more appropriate to call this lap failure a tensile delamination crack.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This article is part of a discussion meeting issue \u2018A cracking approach to inventing new tough materials: fracture stranger than friction\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2020.0287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T07:05:16Z","timestamp":1624259116000},"page":"20200287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Energizing ASTM lap joint fracture standards"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"379","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Kendall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelan, Weekin Works, 112 Park Hill Road, Harborne, West Midlands B15 9HD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1921.0006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","unstructured":"ASTM D5868-01. 2014 Standard test method for lap shear adhesion for fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) bonding . West Conshohocken PA: ASTM International."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","unstructured":"Galileo Galilei. 1638 Dialogues concerning two new sciences (Transl. by GH Crew A de Salvio). 1954 New York NY: Dover Publications Inc."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Crack control","author":"Kendall K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kendall K. 2021 Crack control, p. 61. London, UK: Elsevier."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/8\/5\/010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786437708239735"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200296","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2020.0296","article-title":"The dangers of single-lap shear testing in understanding polymer composite welded joints","volume":"379","author":"Villegas IF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Villegas IF, Rans C. 2021 The dangers of single-lap shear testing in understanding polymer composite welded joints. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 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Luftfahrtforschung 15, 41\u201347.","journal-title":"Luftfahrtforschung"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","volume-title":"Structural, adhesive joints in engineering","author":"Adams RD","year":"1997","unstructured":"Adams RD, Comyn J, Wake WC. 1997 Structural, adhesive joints in engineering, 2nd edn. London, UK: Chapman Hall.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Adhesion science principles and practice","author":"Abbott S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abbott S. 2015 Adhesion science principles and practice, pp. 231\u2013239. Lancaster, UK: DEStech Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","unstructured":"De Bruyne NA. 1962 Adhesion and cohesion (ed. P Weis) p. 51. New York NY: Elsevier."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheridan ML Merriman HR. 1957 Empirical studies of bonded joints for sandwich construction. No. 201. 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