{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T23:55:52Z","timestamp":1740182152838,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2203","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624233600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The Griffith equation for brittle cracking has three problems. First, it applies to an infinite sheet whereas a laboratory test sample is typically near 100\u2009\u00d7\u2009100\u2009mm. Second, it describes a central crack instead of the more dangerous and easily observable edge crack. Third, the theory assumes a uniform stress field, instead of tensile force application used in the laboratory. The purpose of this paper is to avoid these difficulties by employing Gregory's solution in calculating the crack behaviour of PMMA (Poly Methyl Meth Acrylate) discs, pin loaded in tension. Our calculations showed that axial disc loading gave nominal strengths comparable with Griffith theory, but the force went to zero as the crack fully crossed the disc, fitting experimental results. Off-axis loading was more interesting because the predicted strength was lower than in axial testing, but also gave unexpected behaviour at short crack lengths, where nominal strength did not rise indefinitely but dropped as crack length went below D\/10, quite different from Griffith, where strength rose continuously as cracks were shortened. Such off-axis loading leads to a size effect in which larger discs are weaker, reminiscent of the fine fibre strengthening phenomenon reported in Griffith's early paper (Griffith 1921\n            <jats:italic>Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:bold>221<\/jats:bold>\n            , 163\u2013198. (\n            <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.1921.0006\">doi:10.1098\/rsta.1921.0006<\/jats:ext-link>\n            )).\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>This article is part of a discussion meeting issue \u2018A cracking approach to inventing new tough materials: fracture stranger than friction'.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2020.0292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T07:05:16Z","timestamp":1624259116000},"page":"20200292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Calculations on compact disc cracking"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"379","author":[{"given":"Kaan","family":"Kendall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelan, Weekin Works, 112 Park Hill Road, Harborne, West Midlands B15 9HD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Kendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelan, Weekin Works, 112 Park Hill Road, Harborne, West Midlands B15 9HD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1921.0006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","first-page":"171","volume-title":"\u2018Mechanics of fracture\u2019","author":"Bentham JP","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bentham JP, Koiter WT. 1973 In \u2018Mechanics of fracture\u2019 vol 1 (ed. GC Sih), p. 171. Leyden, The Netherlands: Noordhof."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S030500410005595X"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01132054"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","unstructured":"Galileo Galilei. 1638 Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences Online library of liberty.html. 1954 edition. Introduction: Antonio Favaro; Translators: Alfonso de Salvio Henry Crew. New York NY: Dover Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1930.0058"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","volume-title":"Crack control","author":"Kendall K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kendall K. 2021 Crack control. London, UK: Elsevier, chapter 6."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-1594-2_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0370-1301\/69\/1\/307"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1971.0141"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/4\/8\/320"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/8\/5\/010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1978.0101"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puttick K. 1980 Size effects in brittle fracture. In Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. 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