{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T09:29:45Z","timestamp":1787909385538,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2214","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NSFC 81903371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC 81903371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2020B0101130020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B0101130020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus self-testing (HIVST) is an innovative and effective strategy important to the expansion of HIV testing coverage. Several innovative implementations of HIVST have been developed and piloted among some HIV high-risk populations like men who have sex with men (MSM) to meet the global testing target. One innovative strategy is the secondary distribution of HIVST, in which individuals (defined as indexes) were given multiple testing kits for both self-use (i.e.self-testing) and distribution to other people in their MSM social network (defined as alters). Studies about secondary HIVST distribution have mainly concentrated on developing new intervention approaches to further increase the effectiveness of this relatively new strategy from the perspective of traditional public health discipline. There are many points of HIVST secondary distribution in which mathematical modelling can play an important role. In this study, we considered secondary HIVST kits distribution in a resource-constrained situation and proposed two data-driven integer linear programming models to maximize the overall economic benefits of secondary HIVST kits distribution based on our present implementation data from Chinese MSM. The objective function took expansion of normal alters and detection of positive and newly-tested \u2018alters\u2019 into account. Based on solutions from solvers, we developed greedy algorithms to find final solutions for our linear programming models. Results showed that our proposed data-driven approach could improve the total health economic benefit of HIVST secondary distribution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Data science approaches to infectious disease surveillance\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2021.0128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T03:05:42Z","timestamp":1637550342000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Optimal resource allocation in HIV self-testing secondary distribution among Chinese MSM: data-driven integer programming models"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"380","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6747-6527","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fengshi","family":"Jing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Healthcare Artificial Intelligence, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, People\u2019s Republic of China"},{"name":"University of North Carolina Project-China, Guangzhou, People\u2019s Republic of China"},{"name":"School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6819-0686","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qingpeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5784-7403","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason J.","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"},{"name":"Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9280-5812","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yewei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Project-China, Guangzhou, People\u2019s Republic of China"},{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Project-China, Guangzhou, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Project-China, Guangzhou, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanzi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhuhai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhuhai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9026-707X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Weiming","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Healthcare Artificial Intelligence, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, People\u2019s Republic of China"},{"name":"University of North Carolina Project-China, Guangzhou, People\u2019s Republic of China"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1904-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","unstructured":"UNAIDS 90-90-90. 2017 An ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic [Internet]. 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Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-735"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0601-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(16)00041-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002166"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa825"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09048-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou Y et al. 2000 Monetary incentives and peer referral in promoting digital network-based secondary distribution of HIV self-testing among men who have sex with men in China: a three-arm randomized controlled trial. Available at: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3795303 or http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3795303.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3795303"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","unstructured":"The effect of an ensemble machine learning model in identifying key influencers during secondary distribution of HIV self-testing among men who have sex with men in China: study protocol for a Quasi-experimental trial. BMC Public Health . Under review."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv040"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X0102100506"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.12.1905"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-005-5213-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-010-9147-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037545"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-013-9240-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.2015.1353"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.2014.0512"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.2017.1646"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jing F et al. 2021 Identification of Key Influencers for Secondary Distribution of HIV Self-Testing among Chinese MSM: a Machine Learning Approach. 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