{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T05:10:46Z","timestamp":1769749846070,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2254","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689552000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2018JBZ003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018JBZ003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022JBQY009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JBQY009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Technology Development Project of China Energy Investment Corporation","award":["CJNY-19-91"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CJNY-19-91"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52178405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52178405"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rail corrugation is a common problem\u00a0in metro lines, and its efficient recognition is always an issue worth studying. To recognize the wavelength and amplitude of rail corrugation, a particle probabilistic neural network (PPNN) algorithm is developed. The PPNN is incorporated with the particle swarm optimization algorithm and the probabilistic neural network. On the basis of\u00a0the above, the in-vehicle noise characteristics measured in the field are used to recognize normal rail wavelengths of 30 and 50\u2009mm. A stepwise moving window search algorithm suitable for selecting features with a fixed order was developed to select in-vehicle noise features. Sound pressure levels at 400, 500, 630 and 800\u2009Hz of in-vehicle noise are fed into the PPNN, and the average accuracy can reach 96.43%. The bogie acceleration characteristics calculated by the multi-body dynamics simulation model are used to recognize normal rail amplitudes of 0.1 and 0.2\u2009mm. The bogie acceleration is decomposed by the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise, and a reconstructional signal is obtained. The energy entropy of the reconstructional signal is fed into the PPNN, and the average accuracy can reach 95.40%.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue 'Artificial intelligence in failure analysis of transportation infrastructure and materials'.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2022.0171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]],"date-time":"2023-07-16T23:05:32Z","timestamp":1689548732000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Machine learning-based rail corrugation recognition: a metro vehicle response and noise perspective"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"381","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4592-4525","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaopei","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueyang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhipei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luchao","family":"Qie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Railway Construction, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","first-page":"38","article-title":"Study on rail corrugation of ladder-type sleeper track based on vibration characteristics","volume":"42","author":"Li X","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li X, Ren ZS, Wang Z. 2020 Study on rail corrugation of ladder-type sleeper track based on vibration characteristics. J. China Railw. Soc. 42, 38-44. (doi:10.3969\/j.issn.1001-8360.2020.10.006)","journal-title":"J. China Railw. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app112311190"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","first-page":"199","article-title":"A wide-area measurement method of rail corrugation based on the combination-chord system","volume":"48","author":"Wei H","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wei H, Liu HL, Ma ZJ, Li YF. 2018 A wide-area measurement method of rail corrugation based on the combination-chord system. J. Northwest Univ. 48, 199-208. (doi:10.16152\/j.cnki.xdxbzr.2018-02-007)","journal-title":"J. Northwest Univ."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1648(95)06732-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","first-page":"189","article-title":"Rail corrugation dynamic measurement method based on multi-line structured-light vision","volume":"39","author":"Ma ZJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ma ZJ, Dong YR, Liu HL, Zhou BH, Li YF. 2018 Rail corrugation dynamic measurement method based on multi-line structured-light vision. Chin. J. Sci. Instrum. 39, 189-197.","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Control of rail smoothness of wheel\/rail system","author":"Luo L","year":"2006","unstructured":"Luo L. 2006 Control of rail smoothness of wheel\/rail system, pp. 115-135. Beijing, China: China Railway Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-010-0336-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","first-page":"72","article-title":"Research on the distribution characteristics and influence factors of sensitive wavelength of track vertical profile irregularity","volume":"37","author":"Xu JH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xu JH, Wang P, Wang L, Xiao JL. 2015 Research on the distribution characteristics and influence factors of sensitive wavelength of track vertical profile irregularity. J. China Railw. Soc. 37, 72-78. (doi:10.3969\/j.issn.1001-8361.2015.07.012)","journal-title":"J. China Railw. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2012.2184959"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/0954409JRRT65"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/0954409JRRT64"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naganuma Y Kobayashi M Nakagawa M Okumura T. 2008 Condition monitoring of Shinkansen tracks using commercial trains. In 2008 4th IET Int. Conf. Railw. Cond. Monitoring Derby UK 17\u201320 June 2008 pp. 18-20. London UK: IET.","DOI":"10.1049\/ic:20080321"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfi S Bruni S. 2008 Estimation of long wavelength track irregularities from on board measurement. In 2008 4 th IET Int. Conf. Railw. Cond. Monitoring Derby UK 17\u201320 June 2008 pp. 1-6. London UK: IET.","DOI":"10.1049\/ic:20080323"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee J S Choi S Kim SS Park C. 2010 Estimation of rail irregularity by axle-box accelerometers on a high-speed train. In Proc. 10th Int. Workshop Railw. Noise Noise Vib. Mitig. Rail Transp. Syst Nagahama Japan 18\u201322 October 2010 pp. 571-578. Cham Switzerland: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-53927-8_68"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2006.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2010.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2016.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li SG N\u00fa\u00f1ez A Li ZL Dollevoet R. 2015 Automatic detection of corrugation: preliminary results in the Dutch network using axle box acceleration measurements. In Proceedings of the 2015 Joint Rail Conference Online 23\u201326 March 2015 .\u00a0New York NY: Society of Mechanical Engineers.","DOI":"10.1115\/JRC2015-5730"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2015.11.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00423114.2019.1610181"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2022.108881"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/ac8367"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","first-page":"896","article-title":"Discrimination of exo-atmospheric targets based on optimization of probabilistic neural network and IR multispectral fusio","volume":"36","author":"Zhang GL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang GL, Yang CL, Wang JL. 2014 Discrimination of exo-atmospheric targets based on optimization of probabilistic neural network and IR multispectral fusio. J. Electr. Inf. Technol. 36, 896-902. (doi:10.3724\/SP.J.1146.2013.00623)","journal-title":"J. Electr. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","first-page":"34","article-title":"Wheel\/rail fault noise diagnosis method based on EMD and neural network","volume":"33","author":"Jiang H","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jiang H, Shang CY, Gao RP. 2014 Wheel\/rail fault noise diagnosis method based on EMD and neural network. J. Vib. Shock 33, 34-38. (doi:10.1002\/jbm.820260203)","journal-title":"J. Vib. Shock"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"Detection method of rail corrugation inhigh-speed railway based on Hilbert-Huang transformation","volume":"41","author":"Zhu CQ","unstructured":"Zhu CQ. Detection method of rail corrugation inhigh-speed railway based on Hilbert-Huang transformation. Electron. Meas. Technol. 41, 19-26. (doi:10.19651\/j.cnki.emt.1701240)","journal-title":"Electron. Meas. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","unstructured":"Zhou ZQ Hu NQ Yu H Jinfei P. 2019 Research on rail corrugation detection method based on support vector. Chinese Society for Vibration Engineering. In Proc. 13th Natl. Conf. on Vib. Theory Appli Hunan China pp. 193-197."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","first-page":"31","article-title":"Diagnosis method of rail corrugation for heavy haul railway based on WPD-ASTFT and SVM","volume":"59","author":"Xiao BH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiao BH, Liu JZ, Zhang ZY. 2022 Diagnosis method of rail corrugation for heavy haul railway based on WPD-ASTFT and SVM. Shock Vib. 59, 31-35. (doi:10.1155\/2022\/8370796)","journal-title":"Shock Vib."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","first-page":"1371","article-title":"Detection method of metro rail corrugation based on 1-dimensional convolutional neural network","volume":"52","author":"Xie QL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie QL, Tao GQ, Wen ZF. 2021 Detection method of metro rail corrugation based on 1-dimensional convolutional neural network. J. Cent. South Univ. (Sci. Technol.) 52, 1371-1379. (doi:10.11817\/j.issn.1672-7207.2021.04.033)","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ. (Sci. Technol.)"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","first-page":"3675","article-title":"Fast steering mirror ADRC based on improved particle swarm optimizer","volume":"43","author":"Feng JX","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feng JX, Wang YL, Wang Q, Xu B. 2021 Fast steering mirror ADRC based on improved particle swarm optimizer. Syst. Eng. Electron. Technol. 43, 3675-3682. (doi:10.12305\/j.issn.1001-506X.2021.12.31)","journal-title":"Syst. Eng. Electron. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","first-page":"80","article-title":"Incipient fault diagnosis of rolling element bearing based on adaptive maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution","volume":"36","author":"Chen KH","unstructured":"Chen KH, Liu XF. Incipient fault diagnosis of rolling element bearing based on adaptive maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution. J. Vib. Shock 36, 80-85. (doi:10.13465\/j.cnki.jvs.2017.22.013)","journal-title":"J. Vib. Shock"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","first-page":"51","article-title":"Improved particle swarm optimization algorithm based on neural network for dynamic path planning","volume":"49","author":"Chen QL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen QL, Zheng YJ, Jiang HY, Chen Y. 2021 Improved particle swarm optimization algorithm based on neural network for dynamic path planning. J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Tech. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 49, 51-55. (doi:10.13245\/j.hust.210207)","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Tech. (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","volume-title":"A coustics-railway applications-measurement of noise emitted by rail bound vehicles","author":"European Committee for Standardization","year":"2013","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization. 2013 BS EN ISO3095. In A coustics-railway applications-measurement of noise emitted by rail bound vehicles. London, UK: British Standards Institution."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","volume-title":"Acoustics\u2014measurement of noise inside railbound vehicles","author":"CN-GB","year":"2011","unstructured":"CN-GB. 2011 GB\/T3449-2011. In Acoustics\u2014measurement of noise inside railbound vehicles. Beijing, China: CN-GB."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","first-page":"156","article-title":"On the contact of elastic solids","volume":"92","author":"Hertz H","year":"1881","unstructured":"Hertz H. 1881 On the contact of elastic solids. J. Reine Angew. Math. 92, 156-171. (doi:10.1103\/PhysRevA.31.1957.3)","journal-title":"J. Reine Angew. Math."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00423118208968684"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-275950-5.50009-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","volume-title":"Research on dynamic influence and treatment method of rail corrugation in metro vibration-reduction section of curved tracks","author":"Sun TC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun TC. 2021 Research on dynamic influence and treatment method of rail corrugation in metro vibration-reduction section of curved tracks. Beijing, China: Beijing Jiaotong University."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","first-page":"69","article-title":"Rail corrugation characteristics and dynamic influence in the section of subway short sleeper monolithic ballast bed","volume":"62","author":"Peng H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng H, Sun TC, Cai XP, Tang XY, Chang WH. 2022 Rail corrugation characteristics and dynamic influence in the section of subway short sleeper monolithic ballast bed. Railwa. Eng. 62, 69-74. (doi:10.3969\/i.issn.1003-1995.2022.02.15)","journal-title":"Railwa. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3901\/JME.2019.16.141"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","first-page":"113","article-title":"Influence of short pitch rail corrugation on interior noise of metro vehicles","volume":"38","author":"Feng CC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feng CC, Liu XL, Li W, Han J, Wen ZF. 2018 Influence of short pitch rail corrugation on interior noise of metro vehicles. Noise Vib. Control 38, 113-117.","journal-title":"Noise Vib. Control"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1998.0193"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793536909000047"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres ME Colominas MA Schlotthauer G Flandrin P. 2011 A complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise. In 2011 IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) Prague Czech Republic 22\u201327 May 2011 pp. 4144-4147. New York NY: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2011.5947265"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsta.2022.0171","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsta.2022.0171","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsta.2022.0171","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]],"date-time":"2023-07-16T23:05:53Z","timestamp":1689548753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsta.2022.0171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2254","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsta.2022.0171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2022.0171","relation":{},"ISSN":["1364-503X","1471-2962"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1364-503X","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2962","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20220171"}}