{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:15:21Z","timestamp":1753877721104,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2288","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/-\/media\/journals\/author\/Licence-to-Publish-20062019-final.pdf"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The MiG-V was designed for high-security applications and is the first commercially available logic-locked RISC-V processor on the market. In this context, logic locking was used to protect the RISC-V processor design during the untrusted manufacturing process by using key-driven logic gates to obfuscate the original design. Although this method defends against malicious modifications, such as hardware Trojans, logic locking\u2019s impact on the RISC-V processor\u2019s data confidentiality during runtime has not been thoroughly examined. In this study, we evaluate the impact of logic locking on data confidentiality. By altering the logic locking key of the MiG-V while running SSL cryptographic algorithms, we identify data leakages resulting from the exploitation of the logic-locking hardware. We show that changing a single bit of the logic locking key can expose 100% of the cryptographic encryption key. This research reveals a critical security flaw in logic locking, highlighting the need for comprehensive security assessments beyond logic-locking key-recovery attacks.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Emerging technologies for future secure computing platforms\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2023.0388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T09:17:07Z","timestamp":1737019027000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploiting the lock: leveraging MiG-V's logic locking for secret-data extraction"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"383","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5825-2665","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lennart M.","family":"Reimann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University","place":["Aachen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yadu","family":"Madhukumar Variyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University","place":["Aachen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lennet","family":"Huelser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University","place":["Aachen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1430-2329","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chiara","family":"Ghinami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University","place":["Aachen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3812-727X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dominik","family":"Germek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporate Research, Robert Bosch GmbH","place":["Hildesheim, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6735-3033","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rainer","family":"Leupers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University","place":["Aachen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advances in Logic Locking: Past, Present, and Prospects","volume":"260","author":"Kamali HM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kamali HM , Azar KZ , Farahmandi F , Tehranipoor MM . 2022 Advances in Logic Locking: Past, Present, and Prospects. IACR. Cryp. 260 , 1\u201339. https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2022\/260","journal-title":"IACR. Cryp."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2019.2944586"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3378678.3391886"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSI-SoC53125.2021.9606998"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","unstructured":"RISC-V . 2022 MiG-V Announcement. See https:\/\/riscv.org\/news\/2022\/01\/ mig-v-made-in-germany-risc-v-hensoldt\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2021.3100275"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","unstructured":"OpenSSL . TLS\/SSL and crypto library. See https:\/\/github.com\/openssl\/ openssl."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Analog circuits and signal processing","author":"Yasin M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yasin M , Rajendran J , Sinanoglu O . 2020 The SAT Attack. In Analog circuits and signal processing, pp. 47\u201356. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. (doi:10.1007\/978-3-030-15334-2_4)"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3850\/9783981537079_0915"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSI-SoC.2017.8203496"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3133985"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-19123-7_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2228360.2228377"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2015.2511144"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2013.193"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2020.3029133"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DATE.2008.4484823"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVSW.2018.8494896"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-19123-7_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287624.3288740"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ETS.2019.8791528"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SOCC46988.2019.1570564157"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2019.2926114"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-19123-7_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","unstructured":"GmbH HC . 2022 MiG-V Blockdiagram. See https:\/\/hensoldt-cyber.com\/ mig-v\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442379"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3583781.3590242"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2015.23218"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2015.7140252"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSI-SoC53125.2021.9606979"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3218429"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","first-page":"1602","article-title":"OMLA: An Oracle-Less Machine Learning-Based Attack on Logic Locking","volume":"69","author":"Alrahis L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alrahis L , Patnaik S , Shafique M , Sinanoglu O . 2022 OMLA: An Oracle-Less Machine Learning-Based Attack on Logic Locking. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II 69 , 1602\u20131606. (doi:10.1109\/tcsii.2021.3113035)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCD53106.2021.00097"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LASCAS56464.2023.10108235"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSITSA60681.2024.10546389"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsta.2023.0388","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsta.2023.0388","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsta.2023.0388","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T15:59:45Z","timestamp":1738598385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsta.2023.0388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2288","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsta.2023.0388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2023.0388","relation":{},"ISSN":["1364-503X","1471-2962"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1364-503X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1471-2962"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-05","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20230388"}}