{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T04:03:33Z","timestamp":1784779413361,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2286","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/-\/media\/journals\/author\/Licence-to-Publish-20062019-final.pdf"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Triton, the largest satellite of Neptune, is in a retrograde orbit and is likely a captured Kuiper Belt Object (KBO). Triton has a mean density of only 2.061 gm\/cm\n            <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n            and is therefore believed to have a 250\u2013400 km thick hydrosphere. Triton is also one of the few planetary satellites to possess a thick ionosphere whose height-integrated Pedersen conductivity exceeds 10\n            <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n            S, complicating the sounding of Triton\u2019s subsurface using electromagnetic induction. Triton experiences a time-varying magnetic field dominated by two periods, one at 14.4 h, at the synodic rotation period of Neptune (from Neptune\u2019s tilted field) and one at 141 h, at the orbital period of Triton (from large inclination of Triton\u2019s orbit). We show that for most models of ionospheric conductivity, the 14.4 h wave creates a large response from the ionosphere itself and is unable to sound the putative ocean below. However, the 141 h wave penetrates the ionosphere easily and provides information on Triton\u2019s ocean. We introduce a technique that allows us to determine the complex magnetic moments generated at the two key periods from the magnetic data from a single flyby, allowing us to infer the presence of a subsurface ocean.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Magnetometric remote sensing of Earth and planetary oceans\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2024.0087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:05:44Z","timestamp":1733097944000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dual-frequency electromagnetic sounding of a Triton ocean from a single flyby"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"382","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2856-1171","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Krishan K.","family":"Khurana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California at Los Angles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California at Los Angles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California at Los Angles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Castillo-Rogez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Mail Stop 183-601, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4935-1472","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Corey","family":"Cochrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Mail Stop 183-601, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3573-5915","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francis","family":"Nimmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise M.","family":"Prockter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, MP3-E169, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-astro-081817-051935"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9189"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1995.1199"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04792"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.246.4936.1417"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/311355a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2012.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2014.01.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2018.1955"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3847\/PSJ\/abffd2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-009-9581-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","article-title":"Single-pass magnetometric ocean detection at Triton","volume":"6038","author":"Khurana KK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khurana KK, Mitchell KL, Castillo-Rogez JC, The Trident Team. 2019 Single-pass magnetometric ocean detection at Triton. O. W. 6038.http:\/\/www.hou.usra.edu\/meetings\/oceanworlds2019\/pdf\/6038.pdf","journal-title":"O. W."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO47225.2020.9172502"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","first-page":"3188","volume-title":"50th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference","author":"Prockter LM","unstructured":"Prockter LM, Mitchell KL, Howett CJA, Smythe WD, Sutin BM, Bearden DA, Frazier WE. Exploring triton with trident: a discovery class mission. In 50th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, p. 3188."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/27394"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EA002034"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","first-page":"571","volume-title":"Electromagnetic induction from europa\u2019s ocean and the deep interior.europa","author":"Khurana KK","year":"2009","unstructured":"Khurana KK, Kivelson MG, Hand KP, Russell CT. 2009 Electromagnetic induction from europa\u2019s ocean and the deep interior.europa, (eds RT Pappalardo, WB McKinnon, KK Khurana), pp. 571\u2013586. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. (doi:10.2307\/j.ctt1xp3wdw.30)"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/91JA01165"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JA029740"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/GL017i010p01689"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.246.4936.1466"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/93GL03117"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.2000.6456"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/GL017i010p01661"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1966.tb03090.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","volume-title":"Introduction to geomagnetism","author":"Parkinson W. D","year":"1983","unstructured":"Parkinson W. D. 1983 Introduction to geomagnetism. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201425"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/maps.13181"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL097256"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2019.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1993.1185"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2006.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2016.1524"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2019.04.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JE007389"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1250551"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2007.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2007.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JE006956"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_41_2","unstructured":"Khurana K. 2024 Triton manuscript figures. Zenodo. (doi:10.5281\/zenodo.11363240)"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsta.2024.0087","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsta.2024.0087","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsta.2024.0087","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:06:16Z","timestamp":1733097976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsta.2024.0087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2286","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsta.2024.0087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2024.0087","relation":{},"ISSN":["1364-503X","1471-2962"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1364-503X","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2962","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-26","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20240087"}}