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Trans. R. Soc. A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Biofilms\u2014microbial communities encased in a self-produced extracellular matrix\u2014pose a significant challenge in clinical settings due to their association with chronic infections and antibiotic resistance. Their formation in the human body is governed by a complex interplay of biological and environmental factors, including the biochemical composition of bodily fluids, fluid dynamics, and cell\u2013cell and cell\u2013surface interactions. Improving therapeutic strategies requires a deeper understanding of how host-specific conditions shape biofilm development. Despite efforts to replicate\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    conditions,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    models are often insufficient for capturing the complex dynamics of biofilm formation within the host. This limitation hinders the translation of experimental findings into clinical applications and slows the development of targeted therapies. In this review, we examine the role of fluid dynamics within the human body, with a particular focus on how the biochemical composition, rheological properties of bodily fluids and local flow conditions influence surface colonization and biofilm formation. We survey the current state of the field and outline key open challenges, intending to inform and inspire the development of next-generation experimental models that more closely reflect physiological reality.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Biological fluid dynamics: emerging directions\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2024.0267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T07:05:23Z","timestamp":1757574323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The influence of bodily fluid rheology on biofilm formation: known facts and open questions"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"383","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1082-5642","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Savorana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D-BAUG, ETH Zurich, Z\u00fcrich 8093, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2108-3008","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessia","family":"Di Claudio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20072, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8385-9296","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roberto","family":"Rusconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20072, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano 20089, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0949-9085","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Secchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D-BAUG, ETH Zurich, Z\u00fcrich 8093, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2018.3.482"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0981-7_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0026-2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","article-title":"Biofilm-forming microorganisms causing hospital-acquired infections from intravenous catheter: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Cangui-Panchi SP","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cangui-Panchi SP, \u00d1acato-Toapanta AL, Enr\u00edquez-Mart\u00ednez LJ, Reyes J, Garzon-Chavez D, Machado A. 2022 Biofilm-forming microorganisms causing hospital-acquired infections from intravenous catheter: a systematic review. 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