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Although microbes can be found in all environmental niches on Earth, this study focuses on psychrophilic and psychrotolerant microorganisms (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) which have been isolated from locations of interest such as icy moon analogue environments (e.g. Canadian high arctic, Antarctica) and cleanrooms, which might be relevant for forward planetary protection. Our research aimed to reproduce conditions for microorganisms on spacecraft travelling to the outer solar system which could contaminate the icy moon\u2019s subsurface oceans. The microorganisms were grown under oligotrophic conditions in minimal media supplemented with only a single carbon source and exposing them to extreme conditions, in terms of temperature fluctuations, in terms of freeze and thaw cycles, and radiation, as they occur during the space travel to the outer solar system. Our results in combination with future metagenome data and phenotype prediction tools will allow the identification of planetary protection relevant microorganisms in spacecraft assembly cleanrooms and on spacecraft and support the development of a target-oriented planetary protection constraints for missions to the icy moons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Planetary Protection for sustainable space exploration\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2024.0435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T08:06:47Z","timestamp":1770883607000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Survival limits of psychrotolerant microorganisms with relevance for planetary protection of the icy moons"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"384","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3923-335X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Zaccaria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center 1 , , ,","place":["Cologne, North Rhine\u2013Westphalia, Germany"],"department":["Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Applied Aerospace Biology Department"]},{"name":"Radboud University Medical Center 2 , , ,","place":["Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands"],"department":["Department of Internal Medicine"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Beblo-Vranesevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center 1 , , ,","place":["Cologne, North Rhine\u2013Westphalia, Germany"],"department":["Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Applied Aerospace Biology Department"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marien I.","family":"de Jonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Medical Center 3 , , ,","place":["Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands"],"department":["Community for Infectious Diseases"]},{"name":"Radboud University Medical Center 4 , , ,","place":["Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands"],"department":["Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihai G.","family":"Netea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Medical Center 2 , , ,","place":["Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands"],"department":["Department of Internal Medicine"]},{"name":"Radboud University Medical Center 3 , , ,","place":["Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands"],"department":["Community for Infectious Diseases"]},{"name":"University of Bonn 5 , , ,","place":["Bonn, North Rhine\u2013Westphalia, Germany"],"department":["Department for Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES)"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Rettberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR) 6 , ,","place":["Cologne, Germany"],"department":["Radiation Biology"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021203064169800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2011.0760","article-title":"EXPOSE-E: an ESA astrobiology mission 1.5 years in space","volume":"12","author":"Rabbow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Astrobiology"},{"key":"2026021203064169800_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-016-1269-6","article-title":"Influence of osmotic stress on desiccation and irradiation tolerance of (hyper)-thermophilic microorganisms","volume":"199","author":"Beblo-Vranesevic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. 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