{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T13:56:53Z","timestamp":1782482213273,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2314","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020017","name":"Planetary Science Division","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020017","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Titan is an object of great interest in studying the chemical origins of life, but it is intensely cold and cannot support \u2018life as we know it\u2019: it is therefore designated a Planetary Protection Category II* target. Titan is thought to have an internal water ocean, but it is isolated beneath an approximately 100 km thick ice crust. Herein, the particulars of the Dragonfly rotorcraft lander mission and the Titan environment are reviewed, demonstrating that inoculation of the ocean with viable terrestrial biota by the mission is a very low-probability event (much less than 10\u22124), thereby consistent with a mission designation of Category II.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Planetary Protection for sustainable space exploration\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2024.0436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T08:07:26Z","timestamp":1770883646000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Planetary protection considerations for Dragonfly at Titan"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"384","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8528-4644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory 1 , , ,","place":["Laurel, MD, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"MacKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory 1 , , ,","place":["Laurel, MD, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Ballarotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory 1 , , ,","place":["Laurel, MD, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Hibbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory 1 , , ,","place":["Laurel, MD, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Turtle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory 1 , , ,","place":["Laurel, MD, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021203072260500_R1","unstructured":"Turtle\n              EP\n            \n          . 2018Dragonfly: In Situ exploration of Titan\u2019s organic chemistry and habitability. In49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Houston, TX: Lunar and Planetary Institute."},{"key":"2026021203072260500_R2","first-page":"374","article-title":"Dragonfly: a rotorcraft lander concept for scientific exploration at Titan","volume":"34","author":"Lorenz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Johns Hopkins Technical Digest"},{"key":"2026021203072260500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turtle\n              EP\n            , LorenzRD. 2024Dragonfly: In Situ aerial exploration to understand Titan\u2019s prebiotic chemistry and habitability. In2024 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA, pp. 1\u20135. Instition of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. 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Seehttps:\/\/ntrs.nasa.gov\/archive\/nasa\/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov\/20190026714.pdf."},{"key":"2026021203072260500_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3847\/PSJ\/acc2b7","article-title":"Experimental validation of cryobot thermal models for the exploration of ocean worlds","volume":"4","author":"do Vale Pereira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Planet. Sci. J."},{"key":"2026021203072260500_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1109\/TA.1964.4319640","article-title":"Learning curve approach to reliability monitoring","volume":"2","author":"Duane","year":"1964","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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