{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T15:10:24Z","timestamp":1778771424779,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2319","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The resilience of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) to anthropogenic climate change has critical implications for future global sea level. Constraining how the ice sheet has responded to past periods of naturally elevated carbon dioxide and global warmth can provide vital clues as to its future stability. Relic fluvial landscapes preserved beneath the EAIS have been used to place limits on retreat into the Aurora Subglacial Basin (ASB) in the warm Pliocene (approx. 3 million years ago). Here, we use high-resolution ice sheet model (ISM) simulations to better understand if the preservation of this landscape precludes significant glacial retreat in this sector in at least the past 3 million years. We apply a subglacial topography map that resolves mesoscale landscape features within the model and create an ensemble of simulations with varying retreat into the ASB. Nearly all simulations feature predominantly cold-based ice caps on the landforms through warm interglacial periods of the Pliocene, meaning the fluvial landscape could have been preserved, even with significant grounding line retreat into the ASB. This study highlights the utility of well-resolved subglacial landscapes when paired with numerical model simulations in informing past ice sheet retreat.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue \u2018Next generation ice-sheet bed measurements\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2024.0542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T08:08:11Z","timestamp":1776931691000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Using Antarctic subglacial relic landscapes to inform past ice sheet retreat in the warm Pliocene"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"384","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9315-0093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Knight","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter 1 , ,","place":["Penryn, UK"],"department":["Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Gasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter 1 , ,","place":["Penryn, UK"],"department":["Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Littler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter 1 , ,","place":["Penryn, UK"],"department":["Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences"]},{"name":"University of Exeter Environment and Sustainability Institute 2 , ,","place":["Penryn, UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taryn","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tasmania, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies 3 , , ,","place":["Hobart, Tasmania, Australia"]},{"name":"University of Tasmania 4 , , ,","place":["Hobart, Tasmania, Australia"],"department":["Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Ruth","family":"Halberstadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at Austin Jackson School of Geosciences 5 , , ,","place":["Austin, TX, USA"],"department":["Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051410231639600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03302-y","article-title":"Projected land ice contributions to twenty-first-century sea level rise","volume":"593","author":"Edwards","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-15-1597-2023","article-title":"Mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets from 1992 to 2020","volume":"15","author":"Otosaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth Syst. 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Geosci."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ady2532","article-title":"Complex mesoscale landscapes beneath Antarctica mapped from space","volume":"391","author":"Ockenden","year":"2026","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R5","volume-title":"MEaSUREs antarctic boundaries for ipy 2007-2009 from satellite radar, version 2","author":"Mouginot","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42152-2","article-title":"An ancient river landscape preserved beneath the East Antarctic ice sheet","volume":"14","author":"Jamieson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6366","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL069173","article-title":"Ice flow dynamics and mass loss of Totten Glacier, East Antarctica, from 1989 to 2015","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-18-775-2024","article-title":"Globally consistent estimates of high-resolution Antarctic ice mass balance and spatially resolved glacial isostatic adjustment","volume":"18","author":"Willen","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Cryosphere"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-17-1003-2023","article-title":"Grounding line retreat and tide-modulated ocean channels at Moscow University and Totten Glacier ice shelves, East Antarctica","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17145","article-title":"Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise","volume":"531","author":"DeConto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JF000664","article-title":"Ice sheet grounding line dynamics: steady states, stability, and hysteresis","volume":"112","author":"Schoof","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-032320-110916","article-title":"Iceberg calving: regimes and transitions","volume":"51","author":"Alley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2014.12.035","article-title":"Potential Antarctic Ice sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure","volume":"412","author":"Pollard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. 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Lett."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04946-0","article-title":"Response of the East Antarctic Ice sheet to past and future climate change","volume":"608","author":"Stokes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-881-2015","article-title":"Simulating the Antarctic ice sheet in the late-pliocene warm period: PLISMIP-ANT, an ice-sheet model intercomparison project","volume":"9","author":"de Boer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.5194\/cp-13-959-2017","article-title":"Antarctic climate and ice-sheet configuration during the early pliocene interglacial at 4.23 Ma","volume":"13","author":"Golledge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clim. 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Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009157896.004"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4019","article-title":"Sea-level rise due to polar ice-sheet mass loss during past warm periods","volume":"349","author":"Dutton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1619-z","article-title":"The amplitude and origin of sea-level variability during the Pliocene epoch","volume":"574","author":"Grant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1543-2","article-title":"Constraints on global mean sea level during Pliocene warmth","volume":"574","author":"Dumitru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg3035","article-title":"Geodynamically corrected Pliocene shoreline elevations in Australia consistent with midrange projections of Antarctic ice loss","volume":"9","author":"Richards","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.5194\/esurf-12-883-2024","article-title":"Pliocene shorelines and the epeirogenic motion of continental margins: a target dataset for dynamic topography models","volume":"12","author":"Hollyday","year":"2024","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Dyn."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/2014PA002625","article-title":"Sea surface temperature control on the distribution of far-traveled Southern Ocean ice-rafted detritus during the Pliocene","volume":"29","author":"Cook","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paleoceanography"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25026","article-title":"Initiation and long-term instability of the East Antarctic ice sheet","volume":"552","author":"Gulick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17447","article-title":"Repeated large-scale retreat and advance of totten glacier indicated by inland bed erosion","volume":"533","author":"Aitken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3677","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.5932","article-title":"How can geomorphology facilitate a better understanding of glacier and ice sheet behaviour?","volume":"49","author":"Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Processes Landf."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2013.03.053","article-title":"Early East Antarctic Ice sheet growth recorded in the landscape of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains","volume":"375","author":"Rose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-025-01734-z","article-title":"Extensive fluvial surfaces at the East Antarctic margin have modulated ice-sheet evolution","volume":"18","author":"Paxman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-5-1273-2012","article-title":"Description of a hybrid ice sheet-shelf model, and application to Antarctica","volume":"5","author":"Pollard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6481","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-13-6481-2020","article-title":"Improvements in one-dimensional grounding-line parameterizations in an ice-sheet model with lateral variations (PSUICE3D v2.1)","volume":"13","author":"Pollard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-010-9830-9","article-title":"A retrospective look at coupled ice sheet\u2013climate modeling","volume":"100","author":"Pollard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-88-9-1395","article-title":"Regional climate modeling for the developing world: the ICTP RegCM3 and RegCNET","volume":"88","author":"Pal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-082420-063026","article-title":"Atmospheric CO2 over the past 66 million years from marine archives","volume":"49","author":"Rae","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R48","article-title":"A probabilistic pliocene\u2013pleistocene stack of benthic \u03b418O using a profile hidden Markov model","volume":"2","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dyn. Stat. Clim. Syst."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R49","article-title":"A pliocene-pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic \u03b418O records","volume":"20","author":"Lisiecki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Paleoceanography"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL045109","article-title":"A benthic \u03b413 C-based proxy for atmospheric pCO2 over the last 1.5 Myr","volume":"37","author":"Lisiecki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171041","article-title":"Transient simulation of last deglaciation with a new mechanism for B\u00f8lling-Aller\u00f8d warming","volume":"325","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R52","volume-title":"MEaSUREs BedMachine Antarctica. (NSIDC-0756, Version 4)","author":"Morlighem","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2023.50","article-title":"Ice-flow perturbation analysis: a method to estimate ice-sheet bed topography and conditions from surface datasets","volume":"69","author":"Ockenden","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R54","unstructured":"Ockenden\n              H\n            \n          . 2024Inverting for Antarctic subglacial topography using variability in satellite remote-sensing observations of the ice surface [dissertation on the internet]. p. 196The University of Edinburgh. https:\/\/era.ed.ac.uk\/handle\/1842\/41877."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R55","volume-title":"MEaSUREs bedmachine antarctica, version 3","author":"Morlighem","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R56","volume-title":"BEDMAP3 - Ice thickness, bed and surface elevation for Antarctica - gridding products (version 1.0)","author":"Pritchard","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-022-00348-y","article-title":"Antarctic geothermal heat flow and its implications for tectonics and ice sheets","volume":"3","author":"Reading","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GC009428","article-title":"Antarctic geothermal heat flow model: Aq1","volume":"22","author":"St\u00e5l","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-6-953-2012","article-title":"A simple inverse method for the distribution of basal sliding coefficients under ice sheets, applied to Antarctica","volume":"6","author":"Pollard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R60","first-page":"913","article-title":"Upper and lower limits on the stability of calving glaciers from the yield strength envelope of ice","volume":"468","author":"Bassis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-0182(03)00394-8","article-title":"Antarctic ice and sediment flux in the oligocene simulated by a climate\u2013ice sheet\u2013sediment model","volume":"198","author":"Pollard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol."},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203785010","volume-title":"Glaciers and glaciation","author":"Benn","year":"2014","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R63","article-title":"Data from: using Antarctic subglacial relic landscapes to inform past ice sheet retreat in the warm Pliocene [dataset]. Dryad Digital Repository","author":"Knight","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026051410231639600_R64","article-title":"Supplementary material from: Using Antarctic subglacial relic landscapes to inform past ice sheet retreat in the warm Pliocene. Figshare.","author":"Knight","year":"2026"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsta\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsta.2024.0542\/6134304\/rsta.2024.0542.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsta\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsta.2024.0542\/6134304\/rsta.2024.0542.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T14:41:21Z","timestamp":1778769681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsta\/article\/384\/2319\/20240542\/481465\/Using-Antarctic-subglacial-relic-landscapes-to"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2319","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2024.0542","relation":{},"ISSN":["1364-503X","1471-2962"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1364-503X","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2962","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"article-number":"20240542"}}