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Yet, there exists no robust evidence of an associated solar energetic particle (SEP) event of a significant magnitude, based on measurements of cosmogenic radionuclides 10Be and 14C from ice cores and tree rings, respectively. In this study, we present two 36Cl records from Greenland with 2- and 4-year resolution from the EGRIP and NGRIP ice core sites, together with semi-annual 10Be data from EGRIP, as well as annual 10Be and 36Cl concentrations from the Dome Summit Site, Law Dome, East Antarctica. We observe no significant 36Cl concentration increase around 1859 CE in the three records. This allows us to rule out an extreme SEP event hitting Earth associated with the Carrington event in terms of fluence above 30 MeV. Based on these ice core 36Cl measurements, we can suggest two scenarios: (i) a soft SEP event with a maximum fluence above 30 MeV up to three times larger than any Space Age event or (ii) the possibility that there was no Earth-bound SEP event.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue \u2018Radiocarbon and cosmic radiation events\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2025.0257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T08:06:50Z","timestamp":1789114010000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["36Cl concentrations from polar ice cores set new constraints on the Carrington event"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"384","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8323-2955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Mekhaldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University 1 , Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara I.","family":"Paleari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University 1 , Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation 2 , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ala","family":"Aldahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosciences Department, United Arab Emirates University 3 , Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrg","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eawag 4 , D\u00fcbendorf, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3131-6652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Christl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Z\u00fcrich 5 , Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christof","family":"Vockenhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Z\u00fcrich 5 , Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5370-3365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisashi","family":"Hayakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research 6 , Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Curran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Antarctic Program Partnership 7 , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Erhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geosciences and Frankfurt Isotope and Element Research Center, Goethe University 8 , Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Plummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Antarctic Program Partnership 7 , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation 2 , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6870-2047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Wilcken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation 2 , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjie","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University 9 , Fuzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2772-3631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimund","family":"Muscheler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lund University 10 , Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091104064366400_RSTA20250257C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/20.1.13","article-title":"Description of a singular appearance seen in the sun on September 1, 1859","volume":"20","author":"Carrington","year":"1859","journal-title":"Mon. 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