{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T22:36:53Z","timestamp":1771627013179,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1118","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1984,1,7]],"date-time":"1984-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":442281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Divers breathing compressed air are restricted to 45 m depth because of the narcotic effects of nitrogen and toxic action of oxygen at increased pressures. Substitution of oxygen-helium for compressed air has permitted divers to reach 600 m. However, at depths greater than 160 m, signs and symptoms of the high pressure nervous syndrome (h.p.n.s.) occur, with tremors, myoclonic jerking, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, somnolence, e.e.g. changes, dyspnoea, and poor sleep with nightmares. It has been the objective of this Laboratory to ameliorate the symptoms of pressure-induced h.p.n.s. by the addition of small amounts o f\u2018narcotic\u2019 nitrogen to the oxygen-helium mixture to form the Trimix breathing gas. In 1973, comparative experiments with oxygenhelium and the same divers, during compressions in only 33 min to 219.5 m and 305 m, showed such Trimix to be effective with 10 % (by volume) nitrogen. Simulated dives, termed Atlantis, have been made with Trimix over the last 4 years to depths in excess of 610 m for 11 days, 650 m for 4 days and 686 m for 1 day. The objectives were to determine the effects of either slow or rapid rates of compression, and either 5 % or 10% (by volume) nitrogen in Heliox, on the presence of h.p.n.s. or nitrogen narcosis. Measurements were made of intellectual and psychomotor performance, electrophysiological function of the brain and reflexes, lung and cardiovascular function, including arterial gas analysis at rest and work, blood chemistry and psychiatric and psychological status. The results permit the conclusion that divers may be compressed safely to depths as great as 686 m. The technique requires a slow exponential compression over days, with frequent stages lasting 14 h or more, the use of 5-8% (by volume) nitrogen in Heliox and careful selection of the divers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1984.0013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,18]],"date-time":"2006-12-18T17:33:09Z","timestamp":1166463189000},"page":"105-117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Probing the limits of human deep diving"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"304","author":[{"given":"P. B.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"F. G. Hall Laboratory for Environmental Research, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, U. S. A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"McLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F. G. Hall Laboratory for Environmental Research, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, U. S. A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1935.112.3.554","article-title":"The psychologic effects from breathing air at 4 atm pressure","volume":"112","author":"Behnke A. R.","year":"1935","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1939.126.2.409","article-title":"Respiratory resistance, oil-water solubility and mental effects of argon compared with helium and nitrogen","volume":"126","author":"Behnke A. R.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Bennett P. B. 1965 Psychometric impairment in men breathing oxygen-helium at increased pressures. London: M.R.C. R.N.P.R.C. Underwater Physiology Subcommittee Report no. 251."},{"key":"p_4","unstructured":"Bennett P. B. 1967 Performance impairment in deep diving due to nitrogen helium neon and oxygen. In Underwater physiology (ed. C. J. Lambertsen) pp. 327-340. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins."},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"Bennett P. B. 1975 A strategy for future diving. In The strategy for future diving to depths greater than 1000 it (ed. M. J. Halsey W. Settle & E. B. Smith) pp. 71-76. Bethesda Md.: Undersea Medical Society Publication no. WS: 6-15-75."},{"key":"p_6","unstructured":"Bennett P. B. 1980 Potential methods to prevent the h.p.n.s. in human deep diving. In Techniquesfor diving deeper than 1500 ft (ed. M. J. Halsey) pp. 36-47. Bethesda Md: Undersea Medical Society Publication no. 40."},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"Bennett P. B. 1982a Inert gas narcosis. In The physiology and medicine of diving (ed. P. B. Bennett & D. H. Elliott) pp. 237-261. London: Bailliere Tindall."},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Bennett P. B. 1982 bThe high pressure nervous syndrome in man. In The physiology and medicine of diving (ed. P. B. Bennett & D. H. Elliott) pp. 262-296. London: Bailliere Tindall."},{"key":"p_9","first-page":"335","article-title":"Effect of compression rate on use of Trimix to ameliorate h.p.n.s. in man to 686 m (2250 ft). Undersea biomed","volume":"9","author":"Bennett P. B.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Res."},{"key":"p_10","first-page":"85","article-title":"Control of h.p.n.s. in humans during rapid compression with Trimix to 650 m (2132 ft). Undersea biomed","volume":"8","author":"Bennett P. B.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Res."},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Bennett P. B. & Dossett A. N. 1967 Undesirable effects of oxygen-helium breathing at great depths. London: M.R.C. R.N.P.R.C. Underwater Physiology Subcommittee Report no. 260."},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Bennett P. B. & Elliott D. H. 1982 The physiology and medicine of diving pp. 1-570. London: Bailliere Tindall."},{"key":"p_13","first-page":"868","article-title":"Changes in human urine and blood chemistry during a simulated oxygen-helium dive to 1500 ft","volume":"42","author":"Bennett P. B.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Aerospace Med."},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Bennett P. B. Morrison J. B. Barnard E. E. P. & Eaton J. 1971 Experimental observations on men at pressures between 4bar {100 it and"},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Ministry of Defence (Navy). 47bar {1500 it) pp. 1-137. R.N. Physiological Laboratory Alverstoke Report no. 1\/71."}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.1984.0013","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article-pdf\/304\/1118\/105\/332163\/rstb.1984.0013.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article-pdf\/304\/1118\/105\/332163\/rstb.1984.0013.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T06:59:28Z","timestamp":1767164368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/304\/1118\/105\/53296\/Probing-the-limits-of-human-deep-diving"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1984,1,7]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1118","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,1,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.1984.0013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0080-4622","2054-0280"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0080-4622","type":"print"},{"value":"2054-0280","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1984,1,7]]}}}