{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T07:12:25Z","timestamp":1767165145376,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1131","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1984,11,13]],"date-time":"1984-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":469152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,11,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Self-curing cutaneous leishmaniasis depends on T cell-mediated immune activation of infected macrophages. Failure of immune control in inbred mouse models of metastasizing mucocutaneous and visceralizing forms of the disease involves, respectively, insusceptibility of the parasite and the generation of T cells that suppress a potentially curative response. Prophylactic immunization in man has so far been restricted to cutaneous leishmaniasis and based on inducing infection under controlled conditions with virulent Leishmania tropica major promastigotes. The feasibility of immunization against visceral leishmaniasis merits reconsideration. BALB\/c mice are genetically vulnerable to L. tropica major, which produces a fatal visceralizing type of disease involving specific suppression of cell-mediated immunity. Potent and lasting protection can be induced by repeated intravenous immunization with irradiated promastigotes. The efficacy of this \u2018vaccine\u2019 is relatively heat-stable (1 h at 56 \u00b0C). Immunity is not attributable to antibody but to the generation of Lyt-1+2- T cells which, although possessing helper and macrophage-activating functions, do not express classical delayed-type hypersensitivity. The immunological features of this system and its relevance to the possibility of protection against human Leishmania donovani infection are considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1984.0111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,18]],"date-time":"2006-12-18T17:33:09Z","timestamp":1166463189000},"page":"87-98","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Mechanisms of acquired immunity in leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"307","author":[{"given":"James Griffiths","family":"Howard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Division, The Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BS U. K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Foo Yew","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Division, The Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BS U. K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-66289-8_3"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.277"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.44.1.97-102.1984","article-title":"Immunoregulation of genetically controlled acquired responses to L. donovani infection in mice: demonstration and characterisation of suppressor T cells in non-cure mice","volume":"44","author":"Blackwell J. M.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"p_4","unstructured":"Blackwell J. M. Ulczak O. M. & Channon J. Y. 1983 Immunogenetics and immunoregulation of parasitic infection in mice with specific reference to leishmaniasis. In Experimental bacterial and parasitic infections (ed. G. Keusch and T. Wadstrom) pp. 365-373. New York: Elsevier."},{"key":"p_5","first-page":"130","article-title":"Regulation of Leishmania populations within the host. II. Genetic control of acute susceptibility of mice to Leishmania donovani infection. Clin. exp","volume":"30","author":"Bradley D. J.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Immunol."},{"key":"p_6","first-page":"7","article-title":"Regulation of Leishmania populations within the host. III. Mapping of the locus controlling susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in the mouse. Clin, exp","volume":"37","author":"Bradley D. J.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Immunol."},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(68)91059-3"},{"key":"p_8","first-page":"305","article-title":"Experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. II. Effects of immunosuppression and antigenic competition on the course of infection with Leishmania enriettii in the guinea pig. Clin. exp","volume":"10","author":"Bryceson A. D. M.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Immunol."},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.117.6.2081","article-title":"Antibody-induced modulation of Leishmania donovani surface membrane antigens","volume":"117","author":"Dwyer D. M.","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(82)90200-3"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Greenblatt C. L. 1980 The present and future of vaccination for cutaneous leishmaniasis. In New developments with human and veterinary vaccines pp. 259-285. New York: Alan R. Liss."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.129.2.850","article-title":"A role for oxygen-dependent mechanisms in killing of Leishmania donovani tissue forms by activated macrophages","volume":"129","author":"Haidaris C. G.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1981.tb00384.x"},{"key":"p_14","first-page":"20A","article-title":"Protection of C3H mice against L. tropica by a non living antigenic preparation","volume":"24","author":"Handman E.","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.28.2.585-593.1980","article-title":"Cytophilic and opsonic antibodies in visceral leishmaniasis in mice","volume":"28","author":"Herman R.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.39.3.1087-1094.1983","article-title":"Advantages of measuring changes in the number of viable parasites in murine models of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"39","author":"Hill J. O.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Howard J. G. 1984 Host immunity to leishmaniasis. In Leishmaniasis (ed. K.-P. Chang and R. S. Bray) Amsterdam: Elsevier\/North-Holland Biomedical Press (In the press.)"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard J. G. Hale C. & Liew F. Y. 1980 Immunological regulation of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. III. Nature and significance of specific suppression of cell-mediated immunity in mice highly susceptible to Leishmania tropica. J. exp. med. 152 594-607.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.152.3.594"},{"key":"p_19","first-page":"557","article-title":"Immunological regulation of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. IV. Prophylactic effect of irradiation as a result of abrogation of suppressor T cell generation in mice genetically susceptible to Leishmania tropica. J. exp","volume":"153","author":"Howard J. G.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Med."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.132.1.450","article-title":"Prophylactic immunization against experimental leishmaniasis. II. Further characterization of the protective immunity against fatal Leishmania tropica infection induced by irradiated promastigotes","volume":"132","author":"Howard J. G.","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.129.5.2206","article-title":"Prophylactic immunization against experimental leishmaniasis. I. Protection induced in mice genetically vulnerable to fatal Leishmania tropica infection","volume":"129","author":"Howard J. G.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(82)90119-0"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/305630a0"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.128.4.1917","article-title":"Immunologic regulation of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. V. Characterization of effector and specific suppressor T cells","volume":"128","author":"Liew F. Y.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.132.1.456","article-title":"Prophylactic immunization against experimental leishmaniasis. III. Protection against fatal Leishmania tropica infection induced by irradiated promastigotes involves Lyt-l+2\" T cells which do not mediate cutaneous DTH","volume":"132","author":"Liew F. Y.","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1982.tb00378.x"},{"key":"p_27","first-page":"521","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice: disease patterns in reconstituted nude mice of several genotypes infected with Leishmania tropica. Aust. J. exp. Biol. med","volume":"58","author":"Mitchell G. F.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Sci."},{"key":"p_28","first-page":"1302","article-title":"Susceptibility of Leishmania to oxygen intermediates and killing by normal macrophages. J. exp","volume":"153","author":"Murray H. 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