{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T02:43:31Z","timestamp":1791168211802,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1208","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1988,12,1]],"date-time":"1988-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":596937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Both mouse and man have the common XX\/XY sex chromosome mechanism. The X chromosome is of original size (5-6% of female haploid set) and the Y is one of the smallest chromosomes of the complement. But there are species, belonging to a variety of orders, with composite sex chromosomes and multiple sex chromosome systems: XX\/XY1Y2 and X1X1X2X2\/X1X2Y. The original X or the Y, respectively, have been translocated on to an autosome. The sex chromosomes of these species segregate regularly at meiosis; two kinds of sperm and one kind of egg are produced and the sex ratio is the normal 1:1. Individuals with deviating sex chromosome constitutions (XXY, XYY, XO or XXX) have been found in at least 16 mammalian species other than man. The phenotypic manifestations of these deviating constitutions are briefly discussed. In the dog, pig, goat and mouse exceptional XX males and in the horse XY females attract attention. Certain rodents have complicated mechanisms for sex determination: Ellobius lutescens and Tokudaia osimensis have XO males and females. Both sexes of Microtus oregoni are gonosomic mosaics (male OY\/XY, female XX\/XO). The wood lemming, Myopus schisticolor, the collared lemming, Dicrostonyx torquatus, and perhaps also one or two species of the genus Akodon have XX and XY females and XY males. The XX, X*X and X*Y females of Myopus and Dicrostonyx are discussed in some detail. The wood lemming has proved to be a favourable natural model for studies in sex determination, because a large variety of sex chromosome aneuploids are born relatively frequently. The dosage model for sex determination is not supported by the wood lemming data. For male development, genes on both the X and the Y chromosomes are necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1988.0116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,15]],"date-time":"2006-12-15T15:03:58Z","timestamp":1166195038000},"page":"83-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Aberrant chromosomal sex-determining mechanisms in mammals, with special reference to species with XY females"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"322","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Fredga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Uppsala University, Box 7003, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Benirschke K. 1981 Hermaphrodites freemartins mosaics and chimaeras in animals. In Mechanisms of sex differentiation in animals and man (ed. C. R. Austin & R. G. Edwards) pp. 421-463. London: Academic Press."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000129952"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01929.x"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.41.139"},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"Bond D. J. & Chandley A. C. 1983 Aneuploidy. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0160119"},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"Breeuwsma A. J. 1970 Studies on intersexuality in pigs. Rotterdam: Drukkerij Bronder Offset."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0190103"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(76)90126-3"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000129947"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000129988"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S001667230000063X"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000130025"},{"key":"p_14","first-page":"272","article-title":"Male tortoiseshell and calico (T-C ) cats: animal models of sex chromosome mosaics, aneuploids, polyploids and chimaeras","volume":"64","author":"Center","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Chandley A. C. Fletcher J. Rossdale P. D. Peace C. K. Ricketts S. W. McEnery R. J. Thorn J. P. Short R. V. & Allen W. R. 1975 Chromosome abnormalities as a cause of infertility in mares. J. Reprod. Fert. 23 (suppl.) 377-383."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000130078"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01985659"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01946423"},{"key":"p_19","first-page":"271","article-title":"A case of mosaicism of the 58 A XY, 58 A XYY type in a male calf of the Bulgarian brown cattle breed. C.R","volume":"3","author":"Dobryanov D.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Akad. Sci. agric., Bulg."},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Eicher E. M. 1982 Primary sex determining genes in mice. In Prospectsfor sexing mammalian sperm (ed. R. P. Amann & G. E. Seidel Jr) pp. 121-135. Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press."},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000130857"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1970.0042"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fredga K. 1983 Aberrant sex chromosome mechanisms in mammals. 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A.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"p_31","first-page":"453","article-title":"Chromosome variability and deviating sex ratio in two Ural populations of the wood lemming Myopus schisticolor Lilljeborg 1844. (In Russian.) Proc. Acad Sci","volume":"270","author":"Gileva E. A.","year":"1983","journal-title":"U.S.S.R."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000130737"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0388.1980.tb00925.x"},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"Hamerton J. L. Dickson J. M. Pollard C. E. Grieves S. A. & Short R. V. 1969 Genetic intersexuality in goats. J. Reprod. Fert. 7 (suppl.) 25-51."},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1266\/jjg.56.519"},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"Hare W. C. D. 1976 Intersexuality in the dog. Can. vet. J. 17 7-15."},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00329917"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1266\/jjg.52.247"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1266\/jjg.53.297"},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"Hohn H. Klug E. & Rieck G. W. 1980 A 63 X O \/6 5 XYY mosaic in a case of questionable equine male pseudohermaphroditism. In 4th European Colloquium on Cytogenetics of Domestic Animals Uppsala pp. 8 2 - 92."},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a108896"},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Jhanwar S. C. & Rao S. R. V. 1973 Polymorphism in the Y chromosome of the short-tailed bandicoot rat Nesokia indica. In Chromosomes today (ed. J. Wahrman & K. R. Lewis) vol. 4 pp. 379-382. Israel Universities Press."},{"key":"p_43","first-page":"165","article-title":"Karyotype and sex-chromosome polymorphism in Nesokia indica from Iran","volume":"16","author":"Kamali M.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Mammal. Chromos. Newslett."},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000132243"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00282169"},{"key":"p_46","unstructured":"Kozlovsky A. I. 1985 Chromosome polymorphism and cytogenetic mechanism of sex ratio regulation in the wood lemming {Myopus schisticolor Lill.). (In Russian.) Genetika 21 60-68."},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.47.183"},{"key":"p_48","first-page":"199","article-title":"Cytogenetics of the South American akodont rodent (Cricetidae)","author":"Lobato L.","year":"1982","journal-title":"X. Akodon"},{"key":"p_49","unstructured":"mollis:a species with XY females and B chromosomes. 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