{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T07:05:47Z","timestamp":1785481547339,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1251","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,6,30]],"date-time":"1990-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":646704000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Since vector control began in 1975, waves of Simulium sirbanum and S. damnosum s.str., the principal vectors of severe blinding onchocerciasis in the West African savannas, have reinvaded treated rivers inside the original boundaries of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa. Larviciding of potential source breeding sites has shown that these \u2018savanna\u2019 species are capable of travelling and carrying Onchocerca infection for at least 500 km northeastwards with the monsoon winds in the early rainy season. Vector control has, therefore, been extended progressively westwards. In 1984 the Programme embarked on a major western extension into Guinea, Sierra Leone, western Mali, Senegal and Guinea-Bissau. The transmission resulting from the reinvasion of northern Cote d\u2019Ivoire and Burkina Faso has been reduced by over 95%, but eastern Mali has proved more difficult to protect because of sources in both Guinea and Sierra Leone. Rivers in Sierra Leone were treated for the first time in 1989 and biting and transmission rates in Sierra Leone and Guinea fell by over 90%. Because of treatment problems in some complex rapids and mountainous areas, flies still reinvaded Mali, though biting rates were approximately 70% lower than those recorded before anti-reinvasion treatments started. It was concluded that transmission in eastern Mali has now been reduced to the levels required to control onchocerciasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1990.0141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,15]],"date-time":"2006-12-15T17:38:29Z","timestamp":1166204309000},"page":"731-750","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Progress in controlling the reinvasion of windborne vectors into the western area of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"328","author":[{"given":"R. H. A.","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Onchocerciasis Control Programme, B. P. 549, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Guillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onchocerciasis Control Programme, B. P. 549, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"S\u00e9k\u00e9t\u00e9li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onchocerciasis Control Programme, B. P. 549, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Poudiougo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onchocerciasis Control Programme, B. P. 549, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Boakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onchocerciasis Control Programme, B. P. 549, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. D.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onchocerciasis Control Programme, B. P. 549, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Bissan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onchocerciasis Control Programme, B. P. 549, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker R. H. A. Baldry D. A. T. Boakye D. & Wilson M. 1987 Measures aimed at controlling the invasion of Simulium damnosum Theobald s.l. (D iptera: Simuliidae) into the Onchocerciasis Control Programme Area. III. Searches in the U pper Niger Basin of Guinea for additional sources of flies invading southeastern Mali. Trop. PestMgmt. 33 336-346.","DOI":"10.1080\/09670878709371178"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09670878609371051"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09670878509370997"},{"key":"p_4","first-page":"209","article-title":"Captures d 'adultes de Simulium damnosum Theobald, 1903 (Diptera, Simuliidae) a l'aide de plaques d 'aluminium, en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cah. O RSTO M","volume":"14","author":"Bellec C.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Parasitol."},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1983.0069"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90188-X"},{"key":"p_7","first-page":"219","article-title":"The occurrence and movements of different members of the Simulium damnosum complex in Togo and Benin. Z. angew","author":"Garms R.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Zool."},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Garms R. & Walsh J. F. 1987 The m igration and dispersal of black flies: Simulium damnosum s.l. the main vector of hum an onchocerciasis. In Black flies: ecology population management and annotated world list (ed. K. C. Kim & R. W. M erritt) pp. 201-214. University Park and London: Pennsylvania State University."},{"key":"p_9","first-page":"345","article-title":"Studies on the reinvasion of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta river basin by Simulium damnosum s.l. with emphasis on the south-western areas","volume":"30","author":"Garms R.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Tropenmed. Parasit."},{"key":"p_10","first-page":"73","article-title":"T he pattern and speed of displacement of females of Simulium damnosum Theobald s.l. (D iptera: Simuliidae) across the Onchocerciasis Control Programme area of West Africa in 1977 and 1978. Bull. ent","volume":"75","author":"Johnson C. G.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Res."},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"K urtak D. C. Grunewald J . & Baldry D. A. T. onchocerciasis in Africa. In Black 1987 Chemical population m anagem ent of vectors of"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90188-X"},{"key":"p_13","first-page":"375","article-title":"O n the ecology and distribution of the species of the Simulium damnosum complex in different bioclimatic zones of Liberia and Guinea. Trop. med","volume":"26","author":"Garms R.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Parasit."},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"etalthat S.sirbanum take about a month to migrate 500 km."},{"key":"p_15","first-page":"346","article-title":"Possible use of pteridine concentrations for determining the age of adult Simulium damnosum s. 1","volume":"38","author":"Cheke R. A.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasit."},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Cheke R. A. Dutton M. Avissey H. S. K. & Lehane M .J . 1989 Age and size dependency of pteridine concentrations in different members of the Simulium damnosum species complex. : symposium on onchocerciasis: recent developments and prospects for control September 20-22 1989 (ed. H. J. van der Kaay) p. 101."},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Leiden the Netherlands: The Institute of Tropical Medicine Rotterdam."},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"J. B. Davies ( MedicalResearch Council and School of Tropical I am"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"extremely interested in Dr Baker's observation that flies were taking 4-5 weeks at average"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"speeds of 15-20 km per day to travel 500 km or so and note how this is supported by Dr"},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Cheke's estimates of age from pteridine concentrations and how closely both sets of results agree"},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"with earlier estimates for similar migrations (Johnson et al. 1985). I have always found Dr"},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Johnson's earlier estimates of survival difficult to accept although I have never questioned the"},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"fact that the flies were covering these distances. However although the data showed the"},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"journeys took 30-60 days to accomplish I found it hard to conceive that sufficient numbers of"},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"flies were surviving so long to provide such high biting rates at the furthest destinations. With"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"this new corroborating evidence it seems that under the right conditions S. damnosum is a better survivor than some of us supposed and certainly better than laboratory survival experiments show. I for one will have to change my opinion of this fascinating little insect. This new evidence is very welcome."},{"key":"p_28","first-page":"73","article-title":"The pattern and speed of displacement of females of Simulium damnosum Theobald s.l. (D iptera: Simuliidae) across the Onchocerciasis Control Programme area of West Africa in 1977 and 1978. Bull. ent","volume":"75","author":"Johnson C. G.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Res."}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 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