{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T16:57:41Z","timestamp":1790528261782,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1282","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1992,9,29]],"date-time":"1992-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":717724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The collagenous dermis of the white rhinoceros forms a thick, protective armour that is highly specialized in its structure and material properties compared with other mammalian skin. Rhinoceros skin is three times thicker than predicted allometrically, and it contains a dense and highly ordered three-dimensional array of relatively straight and highly crosslinked collagen fibres. The skin of the back and flanks exhibits a steep stress-strain curve with very little \u2018toe\u2019 region, a high elastic modulus (240 MPa), a high tensile strength (30 MPa), a low breaking strain (0.24) and high breaking energy (3 MJm-3 ) and work of fracture (78 kJm-2). By comparison, the belly skin is somewhat less stiff, weaker, and more extensible. In compression, rhinoceros skin withstands average stresses and strains of 170 MPa and 0.7, respectively, before yielding. As a biological material, rhinoceros dorsolateral skin has properties that are intermediate between those of \u2018normal\u2019 mammalian skin and tendons. This study shows that the dermal armour of the rhinoceros is very well adapted to resist blows from the horns of conspecifics, as might occur during aggressive behaviour, due to specialized material properties as well as its great thickness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1992.0118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,18]],"date-time":"2006-12-18T19:03:09Z","timestamp":1166468589000},"page":"419-428","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The structure and mechanical design of rhinoceros dermal armour"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"337","author":[{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Shadwick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093-0204, U. S. A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony P.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randolph F.","family":"Lauff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Berg R.A. 1982 Hydroxyprolines. In Structural and contractile proteins (part A: extracellular matrix) (ed. L. W. Cunningham & D. W. Frederiksen) ( Enzymol. 82) pp. 372-381. New York: Academic Press."},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Calder W.A. I Il 1984 Size function and life history. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Carter N. 1965 The Arm'd Rhinoceros. 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