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Yet she is able to perform skilled actions that depend on that very same size, shape and orientation information that is missing from her perceptual awareness. It is suggested that her intact vision can best be understood within the framework of a dual processing model, according to which there are two cortical processing streams operating on different coding principles, for perception and for action, respectively. These may be expected to have different degrees of dependence on top\u2013down information. One possibility is that D.F.'s lack of explicit awareness of the visual cues that guide her behaviour may result from her having to rely on a processing system which is not knowledge\u2013based in a broad sense. Conversely, it may be that the perceptual system can provide conscious awareness of its products in normal individuals by virtue of the fact that it does interact with a stored base of visual knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1997.0107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T13:23:02Z","timestamp":1033478582000},"page":"1249-1256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Vision without knowledge"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"352","author":[{"given":"A. D.","family":"Milner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of St AndrewsSt Andrews, Fife KY16 9JUUK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aglioti S. Goodale M. A. & DeSouza J. F. X. 1995 Sizecontrast illusions deceive the eye but not the hand. Curr. 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