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Phosphorylation of proteins is brought about by enzymes called protein\u2013tyrosine kinases that add phosphate to specific tyrosines in target proteins; phosphate is removed from phosphorylated tyrosines by enzymes called protein\u2013tyrosine phosphatases. Phosphorylated tyrosines are recognized by specialized binding domains on other proteins, and such interactions are used to initiate intracellular signalling pathways. Currently, more than 95 protein\u2013tyrosine kinases and more than 55 protein\u2013tyrosine phosphatase genes are known in\n                    <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Aberrant tyrosine phosphorylation is a hallmark of many types of cancer and other human diseases. Drugs are being developed that antagonize the responsible protein\u2013tyrosine kinases and phosphatases in order to combat these diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1998.0228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T19:55:21Z","timestamp":1027713321000},"page":"583-605","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":336,"title":["THE CROONIAN LECTURE 1997. 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