{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:17:47Z","timestamp":1778624267315,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1392","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,29]],"date-time":"1999-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946425600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of developmental biology is to understand how an egg converts itself into a complete organism through the processes of cell differentiation, morphogenesis and size regulation. The principles that have emerged over recent decades include the constancy of the genome in nearly all cells of an individual, the existence of stem cells in many organs and the overwhelming importance of signalling between cells for the determination of their fate. These and other characteristics of development are discussed here in relation to the prospect of achieving cell and tissue correction or replacement with the help of nuclear transplantation and signalling factors. Nuclear transplantation offers a one\u2013step procedure for generating multipotent embryo cells from the cells of an adult tissue such as skin. It should be possible to proliferate the resulting cells as can be done for mouse embryonic stem cells. Embryo cells can be made to differentiate in many directions by exposing them to various agents or to different concentrations of a single factor such as the transforming growth factor \u03b2 class signalling molecule activin. The possibility of a cancerous condition being acquired during these experimental manipulations can be guarded against by transfecting cells with a conditional suicide gene. Thus it may be possible to generate replacement cells or tissues from an adult human for transplantation back to the original donor, without the disadvantage of any genetic incompatibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1999.0536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T19:55:21Z","timestamp":1027713321000},"page":"1967-1976","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Developmental biology and the redirection or replacement of cells"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"354","author":[{"suffix":"FRS","given":"John","family":"Gurdon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome CRC Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB21QR, UK"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, UK ()"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Andrew C. & Gordievs y O. 1991 KGB: the inside stor pp. 664^665. London: Sceptre."},{"key":"p_2","first-page":"87","article-title":"Amphibian limb regeneration: rebuilding a complex structure","volume":"276","author":"Broc","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conlon I. & Ra\u00a1 M. 1999 Size control in animal development. Cell 96 235^244.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80563-2"},{"key":"p_4","unstructured":"Davidson E. H. 1986 Gene activit in earl development. New Yor : Academic Press."},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans M. & Kaufman M. 1981 Establishment in culture of pluripotent cells from mouse embryos. Nature 292 154^156.","DOI":"10.1038\/292154a0"},{"key":"p_6","unstructured":"Gilbert S. F. 1997 Developmental biolog 5th edn. Sunderland MA: Sinauer."},{"key":"p_7","article-title":"Control of translation initiation in animals","volume":"14","author":"Gray N. K.","year":"1998","journal-title":"A. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green J. B. New H. V. & Smith J. C. 1992 Responses of embryonic Xenopus cells to activin and FGF are separated by multiple dose thresholds and correspond to distinct axes of the mesoderm. Cell 71 731^739.","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90550-V"},{"key":"p_9","article-title":"Nuclear transplantation in eggs and oocytes","volume":"4","author":"Gurdon J. B.","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"p_10","unstructured":"Hesiod 735 BC Theogon pp. 523^527."},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang A. M. Rusch J. & Levine M. 1997 An anteroposterior dorsal gradient in the Drosophila embryo. Gene Dev. 11 1963^1973.","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.11.15.1963"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jan Y. N. & Jan L. Y. 1998 Asymmetric cell division. Nature 392 775^780.","DOI":"10.1038\/33854"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller G. M. 1995 In vitro di\u00a1erentiation of embryonic stem cells. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7 862^869.","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-0674(95)80071-9"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller G. M. & Snodgrass H. R. 1999 Human embryonic stem cells: the future is now. Nature Med. 5 151^152.","DOI":"10.1038\/5512"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Las ey R. A. & Gurdon J. B. 1970 Genetic content of adult somatic cells tested by nuclear transplantation from cultured cells. Nature 228 1332^1334.","DOI":"10.1038\/2281332a0"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.12.7634"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5309.60"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison S. J. Uchida N. & Weissman I. L. 1994 The biology of hematopoietic stem cells is deterministic and isolatable by phenotype. Immunit 1 661^673.","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(94)90037-X"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison S. J. Shah N. M. & Anderson D. J. 1997 Regulatory mechanisms in stem cell biology. Cell 88 287^298.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81867-X"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"O ada T. S. 1991 Transdi\u00a1erentiation. Oxford UK: Clarendon Press."},{"key":"p_21","first-page":"41","article-title":"Embryonic stem cell models of development","volume":"25","author":"O'Shea K. S.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamblott M. J. Axelman J. Wang S. Bugg E. M. Little\u00a2eld J. W. Donovan P. J. Blumenthal P. D. Huggins G. R. & Gearhart J. D. 1998 Derivation of pluripotent stem cells from cultured human primordial germ cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95 13 726^13 731.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.23.13726"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomson J. A. Its ovitz-Eldor J. Shapiro S. S. Wa nitz M. A. Swiergiel J. J. Marshall V. S. & Jones J. M. 1998 Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 282 1145^1147.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5391.1145"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wa ayama T. Perry A. C. F. Zuccotti M. Johnson K. R. & Yanagimachi R. 1998 Full-term development of mice from enucleated oocytes injected with cumulus cell nuclei. Nature 394 369^374.","DOI":"10.1038\/28615"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilmut I. Schnie e A. E. McWhir J. Kind A. J. & Campbell K. H. S. 1997 Viable o\u00a1spring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature 385 810^813.","DOI":"10.1038\/385810a0"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson E. B. 1896 The cell in development and inheritance. New Yor : Macmillan.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.46211"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Wilson E. B. 1925 The cell in development and heredit 3rd edn. New Yor : Macmillan."},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Wolpert L. 1998 Principles of development. Oxford University Press."}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.1999.0536","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.1999.0536","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:21:57Z","timestamp":1778620917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/354\/1392\/1967-1976\/19562"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"S.","family":"Zeki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,29]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1392","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rstb.1999.0536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.1999.0536","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,29]]}}}