{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:07:42Z","timestamp":1791223662809,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1397","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,5,28]],"date-time":"2000-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":959472000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,5,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a Gram\u2013negative facultatively intracellular pathogen responsible for bacillary dysentery in humans. More than one million deaths occur yearly due to infections with\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and the victims are mostly children of the developing world. The pathogenesis of\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    centres on the ability of this organism to invade the colonic epithelium where it induces severe mucosal inflammation. Much information that we have gained concerning the pathogenesis of\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    has been derived from the study of\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    models of infection. Using these techniques, a number of the molecular mechanisms by which\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    invades epithelial cells and macrophages have been identified. in vivo models of shigellosis have been hampered since humans are the only natural hosts of\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    . However, experimental infection of macaques as well as the murine lung and rabbit ligated ileal loop models have been important in defining some of the immune and inflammatory components of the disease. In particular, the murine lung model has shed light on the development of systemic and local immune protection against\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. It would be naive to believe that any one model of Shigella infection could adequately represent the complexity of the disease in humans, and more sophisticated in vivo models are now necessary. These models require the use of human cells and tissue, but at present such models remain in the developmental stage. Ultimately, however, it is with such studies that novel treatments and vaccine candidates for the treatment and prevention of shigellosis will be designed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2000.0599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T19:55:43Z","timestamp":1027713343000},"page":"575-586","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["The pathogenesis of\n                    <i>Shigella flexneri<\/i>\n                    infection: lessons from\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    and in vivo studies"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"355","author":[{"given":"Dana J.","family":"Philpott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Pathog\u00e9nie Microbienne Mol\u00e9culaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Edgeworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Pathog\u00e9nie Microbienne Mol\u00e9culaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe J.","family":"Sansonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Pathog\u00e9nie Microbienne Mol\u00e9culaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00696.x"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beatty W. 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