{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:24:52Z","timestamp":1778624692500,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1401","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,29]],"date-time":"2000-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":970185600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The relative importance of vision in a foveate group of alepocephalid teleosts is examined in the context of a deep\u2013sea habitat beyond the penetration limits of sunlight. The large eyes of\n                    <jats:italic>Conocara<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. possess deep convexiclivate foveae lined with M\u00fcller cells comprising radial shafts of intermediate filaments and horizontal processes. Photoreceptor cell (171.8 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    rods mm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and retinal ganglion cell (11.9 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells mm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) densities peak within the foveal clivus and the perifoveal slopes, respectively, with a centro\u2013peripheral gradient between 3:1 (photoreceptors) and over 20:1 (ganglion cells). The marked increase in retinal sampling localized in temporal retina, coupled with a high summation ratio (13:1), suggest that foveal vision optimizes both spatial resolving power and sensitivity in the binocular frontal visual field. The elongated optic nerve head is comprised of over 500 optic papillae, which join at the embryonic fissure to form a thin nervous sheet behind the eye. The optic nerve is divided into two axonal bundles; one receiving input from the fovea (only unmyelinated axons) and the other from non\u2013specialized retinal regions (25% of axons are myelinated), both of which appear to be separated as they reach the visual centres of the central nervous system. Comparison of the number of primary (first\u2013order) axonal pathways for the visual (a total of 63.4 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    rod photoreceptors) and olfactory (a total of 15.24 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    olfactory nerve axons) inputs shows a marked visual bias (ratio of 41:1). Coupled with the relative size of the optic tecta (44.0 mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and olfactory bulbs (0.9 mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), vision appears to play a major role in the survival of these deep\u2013sea teleosts and emphasizes that ecological and behavioural strategies account for significant variation in sensory brain structure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2000.0691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T19:55:43Z","timestamp":1027713343000},"page":"1315-1320","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Foveate vision in deep\u2013sea teleosts: a comparison of primary visual and olfactory inputs"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"355","author":[{"given":"Shaun P.","family":"Collin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6907,Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darren J.","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6907,Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans\u2013Joachim","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomisches Institut, Eberhard\u2013Karls\u2013Universit\u00e4tT\u00fcbingen, \u00d6sterbergstrasse 3, D\u201372074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collin S. P. 1999 Behavioural ecology and retinal cell topography. In Adaptive mechanisms in the ecology of vision (ed. S. N. Archer M. B. A. Djamgoz E. R. Loew J. C. Partridge & S. Vallerga) pp. 509^535. London: Kluwer Academic.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-0619-3_17"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902780206"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Collin S. P. & Collin H. B. 1999 The foveal photoreceptor mosaic in the pipe\u00a2sh Corythoichthys paxtoni (Syngnathidae Teleostei). Histol. Histopathol. 14 369^382."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collin S. P. & Partridge J. C. 1996 Retinal specializations in the eyes of deep-sea teleosts. J. Fish Biol. 49(Suppl.A) 157^174.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1996.tb06073.x"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collin S. P. & Pettigrew J. D. 1988 Retinal topography in reef teleosts. I. Some species with well-developed areae but poorly developed streaks. Brain Behav. Evol. 31 269^282.","DOI":"10.1159\/000116594"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collin S. P. & Pettigrew J. D. 1989 Quantitative comparison of the limits on visual spatial resolution set by the ganglion cell layer in twelve species of reef teleosts. Brain Behav. Evol. 34 184^192.","DOI":"10.1159\/000116504"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collin S. P. Hoskins R. V. & Partridge J. C. 1998 Seven retinal specializations in the tubular eye of the deep-sea pearleye Scop elarchus michaelsarsi: a case study in visual optimization. Brain Behav. Evol. 51 291^314.","DOI":"10.1159\/000006544"},{"key":"p_8","article-title":"Electrophysiological and histological properties of the olfactory tract of the burbot (Lota lota L.)","volume":"28","author":"D\u00ceving K. B.","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.04-08-02173.1984"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernald R. D. 1988 Aquatic adaptations in \u00a2sh eyes. In Sensory biology of aquatic animals (ed. J. Atema R. R. Fay A. N. Popper & W. N. Tavolga) pp. 339^363. New York: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3714-3_18"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guthrie D. M. 1990 The physiology of the teleost optic tectum. In The visual system of \u00a2sh (ed. R. H. Douglas & M. B. A. Djamgoz) pp. 279^343. London: Chapman & Hall.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-0411-8_9"},{"key":"p_12","article-title":"Quantitative histological studies of the optic tectum in six species of Notropis and Cyp rinella (Cyprinidiae, Teleostei)","volume":"32","author":"Huber R.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Hirnforsch."},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huber R. Van Staaden M. J. Kaufman L. S. & Liem K. L. 1997 Microhabitat use trophic patterns and the evolution of brain structure in African cichlids. Brain Behav. Evol. 50 167^182.","DOI":"10.1159\/000113330"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotrschal K. & Palzenberger M. 1992 Neuroecology of cyprinids: comparative quantitative histology reveals diverse brain patterns. Environ. Biol. Fish. 33 135^152.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-2544-4_13"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1985.0018"},{"key":"p_16","article-title":"Problems of deep foveas","volume":"20","author":"Locket N. A.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aust. NZ J. Ophthamol."},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Nicol J. A. C. 1989 The eyes of \u00a2shes. Oxford Science Publications. Oxford UK: Clarendon Press."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwassmann H. O. 1975 Central projections of the retina and vision. In Vision in \u00a2shes. New approaches in research (ed. M. A. 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