{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T09:51:11Z","timestamp":1791021071911,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1408","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,29]],"date-time":"2001-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":988502400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The persisting ancient view of cancer as a contagious disease ended with 19th century scientific investigations which seemed to show it was not. The resulting dogma against an infectious cause for cancer produced great prejudice in the scientific community against the first report of an oncogenic virus by Rous early in the 20th century and, even in the 1950s, against Gross's finding of a murine leukaemia virus and a murine virus causing solid tumours. The Luck\u00e9 frog renal carcinoma virus was the first cancer\u2013associated herpesvirus. Intriguingly, an environmental factor, ambient temperature, determines virus genome expression in the poikilothermic frog cells. Although an \u03b1\u2013herpesvirus, Marek's disease virus of chickens shares some aspects of biological behaviour with Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) of man. Very significantly, its lymphomas are the first naturally occurring malignancy to be controlled by an antiviral vaccine, with implications for human virus\u2013associated cancers. The circumstances and climate of opinion in which successive \u03b3\u2013herpesviruses were discovered are described. The identification of EBV involved two unconventionalities: its finding in cultured Burkitt's lymphoma cells when no human lymphoid cell had ever been maintained\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and its recognition in the absence of biological activity by the then new technique of electron microscopy. These factors engendered hostility to its acceptance as a new human tumour\u2013associated virus. The EBV\u2013like agents of Old World apes and monkeys and the T\u2013lymphotropic \u03b3\u2013herpesviruses of New World monkeys were found at about the same time, not long after the discovery of EBV. For many years these were thought to be the only \u03b3\u2013herpesviruses of non\u2013human primates; however, very recently B\u2013lymphotropic EBV\u2013like agents have been identified in New World species as well. Mouse herpesvirus 68 came to light by chance during a search for arboviruses and has become important as a laboratory model because of its close genetic relatedness to EBV and its comparable biological behaviour. The discovery of Kaposi's sarcoma\u2013associated herpesvirus six years ago was made using unconventional new methods, but, unlike with EBV 30 years before, this did not hinder its acceptance. This contrast is discussed in the context of the great progress in human tumour virology which has been made in recent years.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2000.0774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,19]],"date-time":"2008-05-19T21:03:22Z","timestamp":1211231002000},"page":"413-420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Historical background"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"356","author":[{"given":"M. A.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrba V. A. Yakovleva L. A. Lapin B. A. Sangulija I. A. Timanovskaya V. V. Markaryan D. S. Chuvirov G. N. & Salmanova E. A. 1975 The establishment of continuous lymphoblastoid suspension cell cultures from hematopoietic organs of baboon (Papio hamadryas) with malignant lymphoma. Exp. Pathol. 10 318^332.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4908(75)80040-8"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allday M. J. & Crawford D. H. 1988 Role of epithelium in EBV persistence and pathogenesis of B-cell tumours. 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M. 1964a Virus particles in cultured Iymphoblasts from Burkitt's Iymphoma. Lancet i 702^703.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)91524-7"},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Epstein M. A. Barr Y. M. & Achong B. G. 1964b Avian tumor virus behavior as a guide in the investigation of a human neoplasm. Natl Cancer Inst. Mono r. 17 637^650."},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Epstein M. A. Achong B. G. Churchill A. E. & Biggs P. M. 1968 Structure and development of the herpes-type virus of Marek's disease. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 41 805^820."},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Ewing J. 1931 Causation dia nosis and treatment of cancer 1st edn. Baltimore MD: Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fawcett D. W. 1956 Electron microscope observations on intracellular virus-like particles associated with the cells of the Lucke renal adenocarcinoma. J. Biophys. Biochem. 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Cancer Res. 26 2148^2153."}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2000.0774","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2000.0774","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:27:15Z","timestamp":1778621235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/356\/1408\/413-420\/19774"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"M. A.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]},{"given":"A. B.","family":"Rickinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]},{"given":"R. A.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,29]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1408","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rstb.2000.0774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2000.0774","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,29]]}}}