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Similarly, mass mortalities among aquatic and terrestrial mammals were caused by the introduction of viruses into species in which they had not previously been present. It seems paradoxical that at a time when we have managed to control or even eradicate major human virus infections like polio and smallpox we are increasingly confronted with new or newly emerging virus infections of humans and animals. A complex mix of social, technological and ecological changes, and the ability of certain viruses to adapt rapidly to a changing environment, seems to be at the basis of this phenomenon. Extensive diagnostic and surveillance networks, as well as novel vaccine- and antiviral development strategies should provide us with the safeguards to limit its impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,6]],"date-time":"2002-09-06T17:24:08Z","timestamp":1031333048000},"page":"791-793","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Catastrophes after crossing species barriers"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"356","author":[{"given":"Albert","family":"Osterhaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands ()"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrett T Visser I K G Mamaev L Goatley L Van Bressem M F & Osterhaus A D M E 1993 Dolphin and porpoise morbilliviruses are genetically distinct from phocine distemper viruses Virology 193 1010^1012","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1217"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claas E C J & Osterhaus A D M E 1998 New clues to the emergence of \u00a3u pandemics Nature Med 4 1122^1123","DOI":"10.1038\/2617"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claas E C J Osterhaus A D M E Van Beek R de Jong J C Rimmelzwaan G F Senne D A Krauss S Shortridge K F & Webster R G 1998 Human in\u00a3uenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian in\u00a3uenza virus The Lancet 351 472^477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11212-0"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/39218"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Swart R L Wertheim-van Dillen P M Van Binnendijk R S Muller C P Frenkel J & Osterhaus A D M E 2000 Measles in a Dutch hospital introduced by an immunocompromised infant from Indonesia infected with a new genotype virus The Lancet 355 201^202","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04652-8"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harder T C Kenter M Appel M J G Roelke-Parker M E Barrett T & Osterhaus A D M E 1995 Phylogenetic evidence of canine distemper virus in Serengeti's lions Vaccine 13 521^523","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(95)00024-U"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harvell C D (and 12 others) 1999 Emerging marine diseases\u00f6climate links and anthropogenic factors Science 285 1505^1510","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5433.1505"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osterhaus A D M E 1988 Seal death [Letter] Nature 334 301^302","DOI":"10.1038\/334301b0"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/335020a0"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/337021a0"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osterhaus A D M E Groen J UytdeHaag F G C M Visser I K G Van de Bildt M W G Bergman A & Klingeborn B 1989b Distemper virus in Baikal seals [Letter] Nature 338 209^210","DOI":"10.1038\/338209b0"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osterhaus A Groen J Niesters H Van de Bildt M Martina B Vedder L Vos J Van Egmond H Abou Sidi B & Barham M E 1997 Morbillivirus in monk seal mass mortality Nature 388 838^839","DOI":"10.1038\/42163"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osterhaus A D M E Rimmelzwaan G F Martina B E E Bestebroer T M & Fouchier R A M 2000 In\u00a3uenza B virus in seals Science 288 1051^1053","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5468.1051"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross P S Vos J G Birnbaum L S & Osterhaus A D M E 2000 PCBs are a health risk for humans and wildlife [Letter] Science 289 1878^1879","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5486.1878d"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2001.0856","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2001.0856","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:22:03Z","timestamp":1778620923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/356\/1410\/791-793\/19841"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"W.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]},{"given":"R. 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