{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:23:04Z","timestamp":1778624584946,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1411","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,7,29]],"date-time":"2001-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":996364800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,7,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The African trypanosome,\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is a zoonotic parasite transmitted by tsetse flies. Two of the three subspecies,\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei gambiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>T.b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    , cause sleeping sickness in humans whereas the third subspecies,\n                    <jats:italic>T.b. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is not infective to humans. We propose that the key to understanding genetic relationships within this species is the analysis of gene flow to determine the importance of genetic exchange within populations and the relatedness of populations.\n                    <jats:italic>T.brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites undergo genetic exchange when present in infections of mixed genotypes in tsetse flies in the laboratory, although this is not an obligatory process. Infections of mixed genotype are surprisingly common in field isolates from tsetse flies such that there is opportunity for genetic exchange to occur. Population genetic analyses, taking into account geographical and host species of origin, show that genetic exchange occurs sufficiently frequently in the field to be an important determinant of genetic diversity, except where particular clones have acquired the ability to infect humans. Thus,\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations have an \u2018epidemic\u2019 genetic structure, but the better-characterized human-infective populations have a \u2018clonal\u2019 structure. Remarkably, the ability to infect humans appears to have arisen on multiple occasions in different geographical locations in sub-Saharan Africa. Our data indicate that the classical subspecies terminology for\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    is genetically inappropriate. It is an implicit assumption in most infectious disease biology that when a zoonotic pathogen acquires the capability to infect humans, it does so once and then spreads through the human population from that single-source event. For at least one major pathogen in tropical medicine,\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    , this assumption is invalid.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T19:57:15Z","timestamp":1027713435000},"page":"1035-1044","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The population genetics of\n                    <i>Trypanosoma brucei<\/i>\n                    and the origin of human infectivity"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"356","author":[{"given":"Annette","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre of Molecular Parasitology, The Anderson College, University of Glasgow, 56 Dumbarton Road, Glasgow G11 6NU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Tait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre of Molecular Parasitology, The Anderson College, University of Glasgow, 56 Dumbarton Road, Glasgow G11 6NU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. Michel R.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashcroft M. T. 1959 The Tinde experiment: a further study of the long-term cyclical transmission of Trypanosoma rhodesiense. AnnlsTrop. Med. Parasitol. 52 137^146.","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1959.11685911"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biteau N. Bringaud F. Gibson . Truc P. & Baltz T. 2000 Characterisation of Trypanozoon isolates using a repeated coding sequence and microsatellite markers. Mol. Biochem. 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