{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:21:46Z","timestamp":1791314506348,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1425","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,29]],"date-time":"2002-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1033257600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    While the concept of population growth rate has been of central importance in the development of the theory of population dynamics, few empirical studies consider the intrinsic growth rate in detail, let alone how it may vary within and between populations of the same species. In an attempt to link theory with data we take two approaches. First, we address the question 'what growth rate patterns does theory predict we should see in time\u2013series?' The models make a number of predictions, which in general are supported by a comparative study between time\u2013series of harvesting data from 352 red grouse populations. Variations in growth rate between grouse populations were associated with factors that reflected the quality and availability of the main food plant of the grouse. However, while these results support predictions from theory, they provide no clear insight into the mechanisms influencing reductions in population growth rate and regulation. In the second part of the paper, we consider the results of experiments, first at the individual level and then at the population level, to identify the important mechanisms influencing changes in individual productivity and population growth rate. The parasitic nematode\n                    <jats:italic>Trichostrongylus tenuis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is found to have an important influence on productivity, and when incorporated into models with their patterns of distribution between individuals has a destabilizing effect and generates negative growth rates. The hypothesis that negative growth rates at the population level were caused by parasites was demonstrated by a replicated population level experiment. With a sound and tested model framework we then explore the interaction with other natural enemies and show that in general they tend to stabilize variations in growth rate. Interestingly, the models show selective predators that remove heavily infected individuals can release the grouse from parasite\u2013induced regulation and allow equilibrium populations to rise. By contrast, a tick\u2013borne virus that killed chicks simply leads to a reduction in the equilibrium. When humans take grouse they do not appear to stabilize populations and this may be because many of the infective stages are available for infection before harvesting commences. In our opinion, an understanding of growth rates and population dynamics is best achieved through a mechanistic approach that includes a sound experimental approach with the development of models. Models can be tested further to explore how the community of predators and others interact with their prey.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,3]],"date-time":"2002-10-03T18:22:39Z","timestamp":1033669359000},"page":"1259-1271","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Trophic interactions and population growth rates: describing patterns and identifying mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"357","author":[{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Hudson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy P.","family":"Dobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544\u20131003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella M.","family":"Cattadori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Newborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Game Conservancy Trust, Swale Farm, Satron, Gunnerside, Richmond, North Yorkshire DL11 6JW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan T.","family":"Haydon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren J.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim G.","family":"Benton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan T.","family":"Grenfell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB3 4EJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Albon S. D. & Clutton-Brock T. H. 1988 Climate and the population dynamics of red deer in Scotland. In Ecological change in the uplands (ed. M. B. Usher & D. B. A. Thompson) pp. 93-117. Oxford: Blackwell."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3933"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson R. M. & May R. M. 1991 Infectious disease of humans: dynamics and control. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198545996.001.0001"},{"key":"p_4","unstructured":"Case T. 1999 An illustrated guide to theoretical ecology. New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"Caswell H. 2001 Matrix population models. Sunderland MA: Sinauer."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobbold T. S. 1873 The grouse disease. The Field Lond. 15.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)69408-5"},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"Crawley M. J. 1983 Herbivory. The dynamics of animal-plant interactions. Oxford: Blackwell."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/5339"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Hastings A. 1996 Population biology. Concepts and models. New York: Springer."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2053"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Hudson P. J. 1985 Harvesting red grouse in the north of England. In Game harvest management (ed. S. Beasom & S. F. Roberson) pp. 319-332. Kingsville TX: Texas A & I."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4694"},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Hudson P. J. 1986b Red grouse. The biology of a managed game bird. Fordingbridge UK: Game Conservancy Trust."},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Hudson P. J. 1986c Bracken and ticks on grouse moors in the north of England. In Bracken: ecology land use and control technology (ed. R. T. Smith) pp. 161-170. Carnforth UK: Parthenon Press."},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Hudson P. J. 1992 Grouse in space and time. Fordingbridge UK: Game Conservancy Trust."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2981\/wlb.2001.023"},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Hudson P. J. & Newborn D. 1995 A handbook of grouse and moorland management. Fordingbridge UK: The Game Conservancy Trust."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/5623"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/5338"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000075818"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2981\/wlb.1997.010"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5397.2256"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5449.2425a"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudson P. J. Dobson A. P. & Newborn D. 2002 Parasitic worms and the population cycles of red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus). In Population cycles (ed. A. Berryman) pp. 109-129. New York: Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195140989.003.0010"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2598"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00427.x"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Lovat L. 1911 The grouse in health and disease. London: Smith Elder & Co."},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/261459a0"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2259340"},{"key":"p_30","first-page":"54","article-title":"Population cycles in birds of the grouse family (Tetraonidae)","volume":"32","author":"Moss R.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2401575"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002217240002516X"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3969.385"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1119"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000075855"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182098003448"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1117"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1123"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1051"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4542"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson K. W. Bj\u00f8rnstad O. N. Dobson A. P. Merler S. Poglayen G. Randolph S. E. Read A. F. & Skorping A. 2001 Heterogeneities in macroparasite infections: patterns and processes. In The ecology of wildlife diseases (ed. P. J. Hudson B. T. Grenfell J. A. P. Heesterbeek & A. P. Dobson) pp. 6-44. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198506201.003.0002"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2002.1126","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2002.1126","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:27:22Z","timestamp":1778621242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/357\/1425\/1259-1271\/20063"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"R. M.","family":"Sibly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Hone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]},{"given":"T. H.","family":"Clutton\u2013Brock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,29]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1425","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rstb.2002.1126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2002.1126","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,29]]}}}