{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:04:26Z","timestamp":1787612666770,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1430","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,28]],"date-time":"2003-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1046390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Autism is a psychiatric syndrome characterized by impairments in three domains: social interaction, communication, and restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests. Recent findings implicate the amygdala in the neurobiology of autism. In this paper, we report the results of a series of novel experimental investigations focusing on the structure and function of the amygdala in a group of children with autism. The first section attempts to determine if abnormality of the amygdala can be identified in an individual using magnetic resonance imaging\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Using single\u2013case voxel\u2013based morphometric analyses, abnormality in the amygdala was detected in half the children with autism. Abnormalities in other regions were also found. In the second section, emotional modulation of the startle response was investigated in the group of autistic children. Surprisingly, there were no significant differences between the patterns of emotional modulation of the startle response in the autistic group compared with the controls.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,13]],"date-time":"2003-03-13T17:47:06Z","timestamp":1047577626000},"page":"405-413","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Investigating individual differences in brain abnormalities in autism"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"358","author":[{"given":"C. H.","family":"Salmond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Institute of Child Health, Mecklenburgh Square, London WC1N 2AP, UK"},{"name":"Radiology and Physics Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"de Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Institute of Child Health, Mecklenburgh Square, London WC1N 2AP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. J.","family":"Friston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. G.","family":"Gadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology and Physics Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK"},{"name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Vargha-Khadem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Institute of Child Health, Mecklenburgh Square, London WC1N 2AP, UK"},{"name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Anthony B. J. 1985 In the blink of an eye: implications of reflex modification for information processing. In Advances in psychophysiology (ed. P. K. Ackles J. R. Jennings & M. G. H. Coles) pp. 167-218. Greenwich CT: JAI Press."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.9.2145"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(94)90025-6"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.5.889"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131188"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.450050604"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903340102"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00621.x"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(00)00011-7"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.87.5.791","article-title":"Microscopic neuroanatomic abnormalities in autism","volume":"87","author":"Bauman M. L.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.6.866"},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Bauman M. & Kemper T. L. 1994 Neuroanatomic observations of the brain in autism. In The neurobiology of autism (ed. M. Bauman & T. L. Kemper) pp. 119-145. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press."},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg W. K. & Balaban M. T. 1999 Startle elicitation: stimulus parameters recording techniques and quantification. In Startle modification: implications for neuroscience cognitive science and clinical science (ed. M. E. Dawson A. M. Schell & A. H. Bohmelt) pp. 21-50. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511665523.004"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02079.x"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.4.836"},{"key":"p_16","first-page":"S25","article-title":"Affective modulation of startle in children","volume":"32","author":"Cook E. W.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Davis M. 1989 The role of the amygdala and its efferent projections in fear and anxiety. In Psychopharmacology of anxiety (ed. P. Tyrer) pp. 52-79. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis M. Walker D. L. & Lee Y. 1999 Neurophysiology and neuorpharmacology of startle and its affective modification. In Startle modification: implications for neuroscience cognitive science and clinical science (ed. M. E. Dawson A. M. Schell & A. H. Bohmelt) pp. 114-136. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511665523.007"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00835-0"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.3.499"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(74)90118-6"},{"key":"p_22","first-page":"501","article-title":"Cerebellar stimulation: effects on septal region, hippocampus and amygdala of cats and rats","volume":"13","author":"Heath R. G.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiat."},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Heaton R. K. 1981 Wisconsin card sorting test. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources."},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"Henderson S. E. & Sugden D. A. 1992 Movement assessment battery for children. Sidcup UK: The Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1988.tb02745.x"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200009110-00020"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162299001656"},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Krug D. A. Arick J. R. & Almond P. J. 1993 Autism screening instrument for educational planning: an assessment and educational planning system for autism and developmental disabilities. Austin TX: Pro-Ed."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.97.3.377"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00255.x"},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Lang P. J. Bradley M. M. & Cuthbert B. N. 1995 International affective picture system (IAPS): technical manual and affective manual. Gainesville FL: The Center for Research In Psychophysiology University of Florida."},{"key":"p_32","first-page":"S53","article-title":"Kids have feelings too: children's physiological responses to affective pictures","volume":"33","author":"McManis M. H.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7939688"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.5.1667"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ornitz E. M. 1999 Startle modification in children and developmental effects. In Startle modification: implications for neuroscience cognitive science and clinical science (ed. M. E. Dawson A. M. Schell & A. H. Bohmelt) pp. 245-268. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511665523.014"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340050795"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.10.2059"},{"key":"p_38","first-page":"483","article-title":"The hippocampus in autism: Golgi analysis","volume":"26","author":"Raymond G. V.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.110.1.43"},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"Salmond C. H. 2001 Investigations into the role of the medial temporal lobes in autism. PhD thesis University of London."},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0193(200011)11:3<223::AID-HBM80>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1153"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01474266"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00438.1997"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2302(199803)32:2<113::AID-DEV4>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(83)90040-4"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(99)00093-7"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(94)90092-2"},{"key":"p_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impaired categorical perception of facial expressions in high-functioning adolescents with autism","volume":"7","author":"Teunisse J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Dev. Cogn. Sect. C Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.11.1057"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.4.1021"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410410109"},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"Wechsler D. 1991 Wechsler intelligence scale for children. Sidcup UK: The Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler D. 1997 Wechsler adult intelligence scale. London: The Psychological Corporation.","DOI":"10.1037\/t49755-000"},{"key":"p_55","unstructured":"Wilson B. Cockburn J. & Baddeley A. D. 1991 The Rivermead behavioural memory test. Bury St Edmonds: Thames Valley Test Company."}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2002.1210","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2002.1210","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:21:29Z","timestamp":1778620889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/358\/1430\/405-413\/20134"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"U.","family":"Frith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]},{"given":"E. L.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,28]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1430","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rstb.2002.1210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2002.1210","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,28]]}}}