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In most non-mammals the pineal organ is a directly photosensory organ, while the pineal organ of mammals (epiphysis cerebri) is a non-sensory neuroendocrine organ under photoperiod control. The phylogenetic transformation of the pineal organ is reflected in the morphology and physiology of the main parenchymal cell type, the pinealocyte. In anamniotes, pinealocytes with retinal cone photoreceptor-like characteristics predominate, whereas in sauropsids so-called rudimentary photoreceptors predominate. These have well-developed secretory characteristics, and have been interpreted as intermediaries between the anamniote pineal photoreceptors and the mammalian non-sensory pinealocytes. We have re-examined the original studies on which the gradual transformation hypothesis of pineal evolution is based, and found that the evidence for this model of pineal evolution is ambiguous. In the light of recent advances in the understanding of neural development mechanisms, we propose a new hypothesis of pineal evolution, in which the old notion \u2018gradual regression within the sensory cell line\u2019 should be replaced with \u2018changes in fate restriction within the neural lineage of the pineal field\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2003.1303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,15]],"date-time":"2003-10-15T16:01:10Z","timestamp":1066233670000},"page":"1679-1700","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Evolution of photosensory pineal organs in new light: the fate of neuroendocrine photoreceptors"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"358","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Ekstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cell and Organism Biology, Zoology Building, Lund University, Helgonav\u00e4gen 3, S\u2010223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilmar","family":"Meissl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstrasse 46, D\u201060528 Frankfurt\u2010am\u2010Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(92)90298-U"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(97)00147-8"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1066"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(92)90011-K"},{"key":"p_5","first-page":"63","article-title":"Retinal differentiation from multipotential pineal cells of the embryonic quail. 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