{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T07:51:28Z","timestamp":1782114688225,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1454","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,28]],"date-time":"2005-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1109548800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Living Planet Index was developed to measure the changing state of the world's biodiversity over time. It uses time-series data to calculate average rates of change in a large number of populations of terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate species. The dataset contains about 3000 population time series for over 1100 species. Two methods of calculating the index are outlined: the chain method and a method based on linear modelling of log-transformed data. The dataset is analysed to compare the relative representation of biogeographic realms, ecoregional biomes, threat status and taxonomic groups among species contributing to the index.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The two methods show very similar results: terrestrial species declined on average by 25% from 1970 to 2000. Birds and mammals are over-represented in comparison with other vertebrate classes, and temperate species are over-represented compared with tropical species, but there is little difference in representation between threatened and non-threatened species. Some of the problems arising from over-representation are reduced by the way in which the index is calculated. It may be possible to reduce this further by post-stratification and weighting, but new information would first need to be collected for data-poor classes, realms and biomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2004.1584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,7]],"date-time":"2005-04-07T17:12:04Z","timestamp":1112893924000},"page":"289-295","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":402,"title":["The Living Planet Index: using species population time series to track trends in biodiversity"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"360","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Loh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 WWF International, Avenue du Mont-Blanc CH-1196, Gland, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhys E","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 RSPB and Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Ricketts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 Conservation Science Program, WWF-US, 1250 Twenty-fourth Street, NW, Washington DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Lamoreux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 Conservation Science Program, WWF-US, 1250 Twenty-fourth Street, NW, Washington DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4 UNEP-WCMC, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Kapos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4 UNEP-WCMC, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorgen","family":"Randers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5 Norwegian School of Management, Elias Smiths vei 15, Box 580 N-1302, Sandvika, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010219153050400_bib1"},{"key":"2026010219153050400_bib13"},{"key":"2026010219153050400_bib2","first-page":"42","article-title":"Estimates of avian population trends from the North American breeding bird survey","volume":"6","author":"Geissler,","year":"1981","journal-title":"Stud. 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The role of species population trend indices like the Living Planet Index in tracking progress towards global and national biodiversity targets","author":"Kapos,","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026010219153050400_bib8","author":"Loh,","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026010219153050400_bib9","author":"Loh,","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026010219153050400_bib10"},{"key":"2026010219153050400_bib11","article-title":"Living Planet Report 1998","author":"Loh,","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026010219153050400_bib12","article-title":"Living Planet Report 1999","author":"Loh,","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026010219153050400_bib15"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2004.1584","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rstb.2004.1584","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article-pdf\/360\/1454\/289\/88313\/rstb.2004.1584.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article-pdf\/360\/1454\/289\/88313\/rstb.2004.1584.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:15:40Z","timestamp":1767399340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/360\/1454\/289\/20562\/The-Living-Planet-Index-using-species-population"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,28]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1454","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2004.1584","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,28]]}}}