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Particular reductions in oxygen availability (hypoxia) caused by respiratory or blood circulation irregularities cannot be tolerated for longer periods due to an insufficient energy supply by anaerobic glycolysis. Complex cellular oxygen sensing systems have evolved to tightly regulate oxygen homeostasis. In response to variations in oxygen partial pressure (PO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), these systems induce adaptive and protective mechanisms to avoid or at least minimize tissue damage. These various responses might be based on a range of oxygen sensing signal cascades including an isoform of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase, different electron carrier units of the mitochondrial chain such as a specialized mitochondrial, low PO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    affinity cytochrome\n                    <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                    oxidase (aa\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and a subfamily of 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenases termed HIF (hypoxia inducible factor) prolyl-hydroxylase and HIF asparaginyl hydroxylase called factor-inhibiting HIF (FIH-1). Thus, specific oxygen sensing cascades involving reactive oxygen species as second messengers may by means of their different oxygen sensitivities, cell-specific and subcellular localization help to tailor various adaptive responses according to differences in tissue oxygen availability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,3]],"date-time":"2005-11-03T15:56:27Z","timestamp":1131033387000},"page":"2201-2210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The oxygen sensing signal cascade under the influence of reactive oxygen species"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"360","author":[{"given":"Helmut","family":"Acker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Physiologie, Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-EssenHufelandstr. 55 IG1, D-452147 Essen\/FRG, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01075"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00591569"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_1","first-page":"323","article-title":"Measurements of the partial pressure of oxygen in the carotid body of fetal sheep and newborn lambs","volume":"2","author":"Acker H","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. 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