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One specific cognitive control function, impulse control, has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of substance problems and has been linked in animal models to increased drug administration and relapse. We present evidence of a direct effect of cocaine on the neurobiology underlying impulse control. In a laboratory test of motor response inhibition, an intravenous cocaine administration improved task performance in 13 cocaine users. This improvement was accompanied by increased activation in right dorsolateral and inferior frontal cortex, regions considered critical for this cognitive function. Similarly, for both inhibitory control and action monitoring processes, cocaine normalized activation levels in lateral and medial prefrontal regions previously reported to be hypoactive in users relative to drug-naive controls. The acute amelioration of neurocognitive dysfunction may reflect a chronic dysregulation of those brain regions and the cognitive processes they subserve. Furthermore, the effects of cocaine on midline function suggest a dopaminergically mediated intersection between cocaine's acute reinforcing effects and its effects on cognitive control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,18]],"date-time":"2008-07-18T16:00:26Z","timestamp":1216396826000},"page":"3267-3276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Acute effects of cocaine on the neurobiology of cognitive control"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"363","author":[{"given":"Hugh","family":"Garavan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College DublinDublin 2, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline N","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI 53226, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan325 East Eisenhower Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College DublinDublin 2, Ireland"},{"name":"Queensland Brain Institute and School of Psychology, University of QueenslandSt. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5387.298"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00609-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.1.65"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(99)00077-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023285614844"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200403000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5469-06.2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00113-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20128"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.9.1423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","first-page":"444","article-title":"Executive \u2018brake failure\u2019 following deactivation of human frontal lobe","volume":"18","author":"Chambers C.D","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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