{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:20:55Z","timestamp":1778624455857,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1548","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,27]],"date-time":"2010-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1277596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    West Nile virus has evolved in concert with its expansion across North America, but little is known about the evolutionary dynamics of the virus on local scales. We analysed viral nucleotide sequences from mosquitoes collected in 2005, 2006, and 2007 from a known transmission \u2018hot spot\u2019 in suburban Chicago, USA. Within this approximately 11 \u00d7 14 km area, the viral envelope gene has increased approximately 0.1% yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    in nucleotide-level genetic diversity. In each year, viral diversity was higher in \u2018residential\u2019 sites characterized by dense housing than in more open \u2018urban green space\u2019 sites such as cemeteries and parks. Phylodynamic analyses showed an increase in incidence around 2005, consistent with a higher-than-average peak in mosquito and human infection rates that year. Analyses of times to most recent common ancestor suggest that WNV in 2005 and 2006 may have arisen predominantly from viruses present during 2004 and 2005, respectively, but that WNV in 2007 had an older common ancestor, perhaps indicating a predominantly mixed or exogenous origin. These results show that the population of WNV in suburban Chicago is an admixture of viruses that are both locally derived and introduced from elsewhere, containing evolutionary information aggregated across a breadth of spatial and temporal scales.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,17]],"date-time":"2010-05-17T03:28:09Z","timestamp":1274066889000},"page":"1871-1878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Multi-year evolutionary dynamics of West Nile virus in suburban Chicago, USA, 2005\u20132007"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"365","author":[{"given":"Giusi","family":"Amore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"European Food Safety Authority, 43100 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Bertolotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, Epidemiology and Ecology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel L.","family":"Hamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uriel D.","family":"Kitron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward D.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marilyn O.","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Brawn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony L.","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/60.2.255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","unstructured":"Andreadis T. 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