{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T13:40:08Z","timestamp":1787665208550,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1556","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,27]],"date-time":"2010-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1288137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The earliest evidence of\n                    <jats:italic>Australopithecus<\/jats:italic>\n                    goes back to\n                    <jats:italic>ca<\/jats:italic>\n                    4.2 Ma with the first recorded appearance of\n                    <jats:italic>Australopithecus \u2018anamensis\u2019<\/jats:italic>\n                    at Kanapoi, Kenya.\n                    <jats:italic>Australopithecus afarensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is well documented between 3.6 and 3.0 Ma mainly from deposits at Laetoli (Tanzania) and Hadar (Ethiopia). The phylogenetic relationship of these two \u2018species\u2019 is hypothesized as ancestor\u2013descendant. However, the lack of fossil evidence from the time between 3.6 and 3.9 Ma has been one of its weakest points. Recent fieldwork in the Woranso-Mille study area in the Afar region of Ethiopia has yielded fossil hominids dated between 3.6 and 3.8 Ma. These new fossils play a significant role in testing the proposed relationship between\n                    <jats:italic>Au. anamensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Au. afarensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The Woranso-Mille hominids (3.6\u20133.8 Ma) show a mosaic of primitive, predominantly\n                    <jats:italic>Au. anamensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -like, and some derived (\n                    <jats:italic>Au. afarensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -like) dentognathic features. Furthermore, they show that, as currently known, there are no discrete and functionally significant anatomical differences between\n                    <jats:italic>Au. anamensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Au. afarensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Based on the currently available evidence, it appears that there is no compelling evidence to falsify the hypothesis of \u2018chronospecies pair\u2019 or ancestor\u2013descendant relationship between\n                    <jats:italic>Au. anamensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Au. afarensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Most importantly, however, the temporally and morphologically intermediate Woranso-Mille hominids indicate that the species names\n                    <jats:italic>Au. afarensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Au. anamensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    do not refer to two real species, but rather to earlier and later representatives of a single phyletically evolving lineage. However, if retaining these two names is necessary for communication purposes, the Woranso-Mille hominids are best referred to as\n                    <jats:italic>Au. anamensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    based on new dentognathic evidence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,20]],"date-time":"2010-09-20T03:46:43Z","timestamp":1284954403000},"page":"3323-3331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Phylogeny of early\n                    <i>Australopithecus<\/i>\n                    : new fossil evidence from the Woranso-Mille (central Afar, Ethiopia)"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"365","author":[{"given":"Yohannes","family":"Haile-Selassie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Anthropology, The Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05047"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Decouverte d'un Australopithecien nouveau dans les gisements de l'Omo (Ethiopie)","volume":"64","author":"Arambourg C.","year":"1968","journal-title":"S. 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PhD dissertation University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/115195a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(91)90005-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(86)80010-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","unstructured":"Grine F. E.. 1988 New craniodental fossils of Paranthropus from the Swartkrans Formation and their significance in \u2018robust\u2019 australopithecine evolution. Evolutionary history of the \u2018robust\u2019 Australopithecines . (ed. & Grine F. E.) pp. 223\u2013243. New York NY: Aldine de Gruyter."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","first-page":"301","article-title":"Was the early Pliocene hominin \u2018Australopithecus\u2019 anamensis a hard object feeder?","volume":"102","author":"Grine F. E.","year":"2006","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. 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