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Exciting opportunities arise from the process known as \u2018cellular reprogramming\u2019 in which cells can be reliably changed from one tissue type to another. This is enabling novel approaches to more deeply investigate the fundamental basis of cell identity. In addition, new opportunities have also been created to study (perhaps even to treat) human genetic and degenerative diseases. Specific cell types that are affected in inherited disease can now be generated from easily accessible cells from the patient and compared with equivalent cells from healthy donors. The differences in cellular phenotype between the two may then be identified, and assays developed to establish therapies that prevent the development or progression of disease symptoms. Cellular reprogramming also has the potential to create new cells to replace those whose death or dysfunction causes disease symptoms. For patients suffering from inherited cases of degenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also known as motor neuron disease), the future realization of such cell-based therapies would truly be worth its weight in gold. However, before this enormous potential can become a reality, several significant biological and technical challenges must be overcome. Furthermore, to maintain the credibility of the scientific community with the general public, it is important that hope-inspiring advances are not over-hyped. The papers in this issue of the\n                    <jats:italic>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B<\/jats:italic>\n                    :\n                    <jats:italic>Biological Sciences<\/jats:italic>\n                    cover many areas relevant to this topic. In this\n                    <jats:italic>Introduction<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we provide an overall context in which to consider these individual papers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,4]],"date-time":"2011-07-04T11:40:42Z","timestamp":1309779642000},"page":"2183-2197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The evolving biology of cell reprogramming"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"366","author":[{"given":"Ian","family":"Wilmut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"93","article-title":"The developmental capacity of nuclei transplanted from keratinized skin cells of adult frogs","volume":"34","author":"Gurdon J. 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