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Since immunity competes for energy with other physiological functions, it is subject to a circadian trade-off between other energy-demanding processes, such as neural activity, locomotion and thermoregulation. When immunity is challenged, this trade-off is tilted to an adaptive energy protecting and reallocation strategy that is identified as \u2018\n                    <jats:italic>sickness behaviour<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2019. We review diverse disease-avoidant behaviours in the context of ingestion, indicating that several adaptive advantages have been acquired by animals (including humans) during phylogenetic evolution and by ontogenetic experiences: (i) preventing waste of energy by reducing appetite and consequently foraging\/hunting (illness anorexia), (ii) avoiding unnecessary danger by promoting safe environments (preventing disease encounter by olfactory cues and illness potentiation neophobia), (iii) help fighting against pathogenic threats (hyperthermia\/somnolence), and (iv) by associative learning evading specific foods or environments signalling danger (conditioned taste avoidance\/aversion) and\/or at the same time preparing the body to counteract by anticipatory immune responses (conditioning immunomodulation). The neurobiology behind disease-avoidant ingestive behaviours is reviewed with special emphasis on the body energy balance (intake versus expenditure) and an evolutionary psychology perspective.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,31]],"date-time":"2011-10-31T03:46:41Z","timestamp":1320032801000},"page":"3389-3405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Brain\u2013immune interactions and the neural basis of disease-avoidant ingestive behaviour"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"366","author":[{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Pacheco-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Behaviour Laboratory, ETH (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)-Zurich, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Berm\u00fadez-Rattoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Division, Cellular Physiology Institute, UNAM (National University of Mexico), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90066-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(00)00041-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(95)00049-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4695(20010205)46:2<89::AID-NEU20>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2456"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2005.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2005.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-4571.2008.00057.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2003.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2010.02218.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2000.880110.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411402596"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","first-page":"293","volume-title":"Evolution and the social mind: evolutionary psychology and social cognition","author":"Schaller M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014823"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1177\/147470491000800406","article-title":"Extending the behavioral immune system to political psychology: are political conservatism and disgust sensitivity really related?","volume":"8","author":"Tybur J. 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