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The present review considers functional and neuroanatomical links between language and praxis in brain-damaged patients with aphasia and\/or apraxia. The neural systems supporting these functions are predominantly located in the left hemisphere. There are many parallels between action and language for recognition, imitation and gestural communication suggesting that they rely partially on large, common networks, differentially recruited depending on the nature of the task. However, this relationship is not unequivocal and the production and understanding of gestural communication are dependent on the context in apraxic patients and remains to be clarified in aphasic patients. The phonological, semantic and syntactic levels of language seem to share some common cognitive resources with the praxic system. In conclusion, neuropsychological observations do not allow support or rejection of the hypothesis that gestural communication may have constituted an evolutionary link between tool use and language. Rather they suggest that the complexity of human behaviour is based on large interconnected networks and on the evolution of specific properties within strategic areas of the left cerebral hemisphere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]],"date-time":"2011-11-21T03:35:14Z","timestamp":1321846514000},"page":"144-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["A neuropsychological perspective on the link between language and praxis in modern humans"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"367","author":[{"given":"Agnes","family":"Roby-Brami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurophysics and Physiology, University Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8119, 45 rue des Saints P\u00e8res, 75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, AP-HP, Raymond Poincar\u00e9 Hospital, 92380 Garches, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Hermsd\u00f6rfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Health Science, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60-62, 80992 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice C.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS FRE 3406, Laboratory on Language, Brain and Cognition, Institute for Cognitive Sciences, 67 Boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron, France"},{"name":"University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct team, 16 Avenue L\u00e9pine, 69676 Bron, France"},{"name":"University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13576500500376500"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/97.1.337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X03320060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02684498"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X03000062"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059487"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.28.1.509"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959774309000067"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00071235"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199610020-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0878"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70462-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-009-0242-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"549","volume-title":"Analysis of visual behaviour","author":"Ungerleider L. 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