{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T02:54:36Z","timestamp":1790996076934,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1580","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]],"date-time":"2011-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1319673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Easily accessible, primitive chemical structures produced by self-assembly of hydrophobic substances into oil droplets may result in self-moving agents able to sense their environment and move to avoid equilibrium. These structures would constitute very primitive examples of life on the Earth, even more primitive than simple bilayer vesicle structures. A few examples of simple chemical systems are presented that self-organize to produce oil droplets capable of movement, environment remodelling and primitive chemotaxis. These chemical agents are powered by an internal chemical reaction based on the hydrolysis of an oleic anhydride precursor or on the hydrolysis of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) polymer, a plausible prebiotic chemistry. Results are presented on both the behaviour of such droplets and the surface-active properties of HCN polymer products. Such motile agents would be capable of finding resources while escaping equilibrium and sustaining themselves through an internal metabolism, thus providing a working chemical model for a possible origin of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,19]],"date-time":"2011-09-19T03:41:19Z","timestamp":1316403679000},"page":"2885-2893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Metabolism and motility in prebiotic structures"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"366","author":[{"given":"Martin M.","family":"Hanczyc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Fundamental Living Technology (FLinT), Institute of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0706955"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja806689p"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"179","volume-title":"Proc. 3rd Australian Conf. on Progress in Artificial Life, 2007","author":"Matsuno H.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/artl_a_00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"517","volume-title":"Physics and chemistry of the interstellar medium","author":"Kwok S.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5397.2204"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/176485"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JE001320"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.3.815"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(92)90015-B"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/246301a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/282396a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/307252a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/326477a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006547127028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.10154"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/317792a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01808285"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01582037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01581578"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(01)00397-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/416522a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405289101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2006.6.364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ol070597o"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GC000588"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.117.3046.528"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(99)00062-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"24","article-title":"A possible prebiotic synthesis of monocarboxylic acids","volume":"1","author":"Allen W. V.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Curr. Mod. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01792423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"121","article-title":"The HCN world, establishing protein\u2013nucleic acid life via hydrogen cyanide polymers","volume":"6","author":"Matthews C. N.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/180664"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.2002.6897"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(88)90145-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/190442a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(61)90033-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2004.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","volume-title":"The limits of organic life in planetary systems","author":"Committee on the Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems, Committee on the Origins and Evolution of Life, National Research Council","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-3227(91)90013-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089904"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.256.5063.1539"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2908078"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9616876"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.72.041603"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.56.4.1087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","volume-title":"Biochemistry.","author":"Voet D.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","article-title":"Shape and motion dynamics in self-moving oil droplets","author":"Horibe N.","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e13030709"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.10.3192"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35051719"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.20.1509"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.20.435"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1998.5607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","volume-title":"Scientists urge a search for life not as we know it.","author":"Zimmer C.","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2011.0141","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rstb.2011.0141","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2011.0141","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:22:51Z","timestamp":1778620971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/366\/1580\/2885-2893\/21715"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1580","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rstb.2011.0141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2011.0141","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-10-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}