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During the past three decades, the implementation of ORV programmes in 24 countries has led to the elimination of fox-mediated rabies from vast areas of Western and Central Europe. In this study, we evaluated the efficiency of 22 European ORV programmes between 1978 and 2010. During this period an area of almost 1.9 million km\u00b2 was targeted at least once with vaccine baits, with control taking between 5 and 26 years depending upon the country. We examined factors influencing effort required both to control and eliminate fox rabies as well as cost-related issues of these programmes. The proportion of land area ever affected by rabies and an index capturing the size and overlap of successive ORV campaigns were identified as factors having statistically significant effects on the number of campaigns required to both control and eliminate rabies. Repeat comprehensive campaigns that are wholly overlapping much more rapidly eliminate infection and are less costly in the long term. Disproportionally greater effort is required in the final phase of an ORV programme, with a median of 11 additional campaigns required to eliminate disease once incidence has been reduced by 90 per cent. If successive ORV campaigns span the entire affected area, rabies will be eliminated more rapidly than if campaigns are implemented in a less comprehensive manner, therefore reducing ORV expenditure in the longer term. These findings should help improve the planning and implementation of ORV programmes, and facilitate future decision-making by veterinary authorities and policy-makers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,24]],"date-time":"2013-06-24T21:27:42Z","timestamp":1372109262000},"page":"20120142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":212,"title":["The elimination of fox rabies from Europe: determinants of success and lessons for the future"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"368","author":[{"given":"Conrad M.","family":"Freuling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, 17493 Greifswald\u2013Isle of Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Hampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Selhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 16868 Wusterhausen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Schr\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 16868 Wusterhausen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francois X.","family":"Meslin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neglected Zoonotic Diseases (NZD), Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD), Cluster HIV\/AIDS, Malaria, Tuberculosis and Neglected Tropical Diseases (HTM), WHO Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Mettenleiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, 17493 Greifswald\u2013Isle of Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, 17493 Greifswald\u2013Isle of Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/318323a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"1460","volume-title":"Smallpox and its eradication","author":"Fenner F","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223805"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262016735.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"The rabies situation in Western Europe","volume":"131","author":"Wandeler AI","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. 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