{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T04:32:49Z","timestamp":1788582769383,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1630","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,19]],"date-time":"2013-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Animals in captive or laboratory settings may outperform wild animals of the same species in both frequency and diversity of tool use, a phenomenon here termed \u2018captivity bias\u2019. Although speculative at this stage, a logical conclusion from this concept is that animals whose tool-use behaviour is observed solely under natural conditions may be judged cognitively or physically inferior than if they had also been tested or observed under controlled captive conditions. In turn, this situation creates a potential problem for studies of the behaviour of extinct members of the human family tree\u2014the hominins\u2014as hominin cognitive abilities are often judged on material evidence of tool-use behaviour left in the archaeological record. In this review, potential factors contributing to captivity bias in primates (including increased contact between individuals engaged in tool use, guidance or shaping of tool-use behaviour by other tool-users and increased free time and energy) are identified and assessed for their possible effects on the behaviour of the Late Pleistocene hominin\n                    <jats:italic>Homo floresiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The captivity bias concept provides one way to uncouple hominin tool use from cognition, by considering hominins as subject to the same adaptive influences as other tool-using animals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,7]],"date-time":"2013-10-07T21:10:17Z","timestamp":1381180217000},"page":"20120421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["\u2018Captivity bias\u2019 in animal tool use and its implications for the evolution of hominin technology"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"368","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Haslam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"186","article-title":"Manufacture and use of tools in wild Sumatran orangutans","volume":"83","author":"van Schaik C","year":"1996","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21304"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1353\/book.98237","volume-title":"Animal tool behavior: the use and manufacture of tools by animals","author":"Shumaker R","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/000579509X12512865686555"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2009.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.09.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X02000079"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"346","volume-title":"Tools, language and cognition in human evolution","author":"Toth N","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959774300001451"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/649836"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0422"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08188"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-09423-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-003-0183-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511894800"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.111.2.159"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-004-0110-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2013.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00062773"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(02)01006-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-005-0001-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The baboon in medical research","author":"Kummer H","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02381352"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000155297"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0214"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0191"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853901750382142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1993.1183"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-006-0033-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.07.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901008106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001860"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100710050009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/256720a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1170165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959774301000014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13752-012-0034-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.0452"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2007.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542305.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2009.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2006.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-009-0275-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2495"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2006.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-007-0117-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000322628"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.122.2.220"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2004.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.07.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139019415.020","volume-title":"The monkeys of Stormy Mountain: 60 years of primatological research on the Japanese macaques of Arashiyama","author":"Leca J-B","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2008.00616.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-011-0279-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","volume-title":"Animal tool behavior: the use and manufacture of tools","author":"Beck B","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1999.0304"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1985.0020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1213969"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199807)106:3<283::AID-AJPA2>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2002.00370.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-091908-164521"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","first-page":"537","volume-title":"Primate origins of human cognition and behavior","author":"Yamakoshi G","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.12.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000076784"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3748"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08844"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2009.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.0338"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1109727"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175825"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00879"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.317.5839.740"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20389"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/4311043a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2006.01179.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Flores human may be pathological Homo sapiens","volume":"4","author":"Henneberg M","year":"2004","journal-title":"Before Farm."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605563103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9060-8_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2007.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1147143"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2012.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2007.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350170303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","first-page":"54","article-title":"The Zanzibar red colobus monkey Procolobus kirkii: conservation status of an endangered island endemic","volume":"2","author":"Struhsaker T","year":"1996","journal-title":"Afr. Primates"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0410"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1075\/slcs.92.06mor","volume-title":"Mental states: evolution, function, nature","author":"Morwood M","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2007.0113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2010.02308.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07989"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5414.625"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10601"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2008.0786"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206930"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.0269"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853901317367717"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.20185"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2012.0421","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rstb.2012.0421","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2012.0421","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:23:10Z","timestamp":1778620990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/22220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,19]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1630","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rstb.2012.0421"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2012.0421","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-11-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}