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For example, bradykinesia, slowness of movement, is a major symptom of Parkinson's disease, whereas rapid tics are observed in patients with Tourette syndrome. Recent experimental work has also implicated dopamine (DA) and the basal ganglia in action timing. Here, I advance the hypothesis that the basal ganglia control the rate of change in kinaesthetic perceptual variables. In particular, the sensorimotor cortico-basal ganglia network implements a feedback circuit for the control of movement velocity. By modulating activity in this network, DA can change the gain of velocity reference signals. The lack of DA thus reduces the output of the velocity control system which specifies the rate of change in body configurations, slowing the transition from one body configuration to another.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,20]],"date-time":"2014-01-20T21:09:55Z","timestamp":1390252195000},"page":"20120473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Action, time and the basal ganglia"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"369","author":[{"given":"Henry H.","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, PO Box 91050, Durham, NC 27708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1998.3843"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/103.2.301"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3989-10.2010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04218.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(93)90226-J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","volume-title":"Basal ganglia and posture","author":"Martin JP","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","volume-title":"Dexterity and its development","author":"Bernstein N","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0232-3_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","volume-title":"Behavior: control of perception","author":"Powers WT","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2008.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","volume-title":"Memory in the cerebral cortex","author":"Fuster JM","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.12.030189.000341"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","volume-title":"Awakenings","author":"Sacks O","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"371","volume-title":"Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy","author":"Gerfen CR","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)60012-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02905-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.06.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-17-06836.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1919"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902990206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0435-08.2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903110110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.051508.135422"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-061010-113641"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.3.953"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09159"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1973.19-239"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","volume-title":"The behavior of organisms","author":"Skinner BF","year":"1938"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.07.023.2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"The role of mediodorsal thalamus in temporal differentiation of reward-guided actions","volume":"4","author":"Yu C","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. 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