{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:34:17Z","timestamp":1792521257667,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1621","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,5]],"date-time":"2013-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Global nitrogen fixation contributes 413 Tg of reactive nitrogen (N\n                    <jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) to terrestrial and marine ecosystems annually of which anthropogenic activities are responsible for half, 210 Tg N. The majority of the transformations of anthropogenic N\n                    <jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>\n                    are on land (240 Tg N yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) within soils and vegetation where reduced N\n                    <jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>\n                    contributes most of the input through the use of fertilizer nitrogen in agriculture. Leakages from the use of fertilizer N\n                    <jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>\n                    contribute to nitrate (NO\n                    <jats:sub arrange=\"stack\">3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup arrange=\"stack\">\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) in drainage waters from agricultural land and emissions of trace N\n                    <jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>\n                    compounds to the atmosphere. Emissions, mainly of ammonia (NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) from land together with combustion related emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ), contribute 100 Tg N yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    to the atmosphere, which are transported between countries and processed within the atmosphere, generating secondary pollutants, including ozone and other photochemical oxidants and aerosols, especially ammonium nitrate (NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and ammonium sulfate (NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Leaching and riverine transport of NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    contribute 40\u201370 Tg N yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    to coastal waters and the open ocean, which together with the 30 Tg input to oceans from atmospheric deposition combine with marine biological nitrogen fixation (140 Tg N yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) to double the ocean processing of N\n                    <jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Some of the marine N\n                    <jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>\n                    is buried in sediments, the remainder being denitrified back to the atmosphere as N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    or N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O. The marine processing is of a similar magnitude to that in terrestrial soils and vegetation, but has a larger fraction of natural origin. The lifetime of N\n                    <jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>\n                    in the atmosphere, with the exception of N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O, is only a few weeks, while in terrestrial ecosystems, with the exception of peatlands (where it can be 10\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u201310\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    years), the lifetime is a few decades. In the ocean, the lifetime of N\n                    <jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>\n                    is less well known but seems to be longer than in terrestrial ecosystems and may represent an important long-term source of N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O that will respond very slowly to control measures on the sources of N\n                    <jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>\n                    from which it is produced.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,27]],"date-time":"2013-05-27T20:22:04Z","timestamp":1369686124000},"page":"20130164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1508,"title":["The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"368","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Fowler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mhairi","family":"Coyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Skiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Sutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Neil","family":"Cape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy J.","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Grizzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, University Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James N.","family":"Galloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Vitousek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biogeochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Leach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander F.","family":"Bouwman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Butterbach-Bahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Dentener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Amann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maren","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Baltic Sea Research, Warnem\u00fcnde, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533-004-0370-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2003)053[0341:TNC]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","volume-title":"Chemistry of atmospheres","author":"Wayne RP","year":"1991","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo325"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","volume-title":"Enriching the earth. Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food production","author":"Smil V","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","volume-title":"The Ecology of the nitrogen cycle","author":"Sprent IJ","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006338"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11274-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511976988.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015798428743"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06592"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2007.52.5.2260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97GB00077"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150369"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1186120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3832.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD02341"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016145719608"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11267-004-3010-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-008-9668-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-7017-2010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Exchange of trace gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere: report of the Dahlem Workshop on Exchange of Trace Gases between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere, Berlin, Germany 19\u201324 February 1989","author":"Firestone MK","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(93)90007-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-011-0154-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2011.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1136674"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envdev.2011.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1995.0033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","unstructured":"IPCC. 2007 Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712454705"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0166"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","article-title":"Exploring global changes in nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in agriculture induced by livestock production over the 1900\u20132050 period","author":"Bouwman L","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001289"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GB002672"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511976988.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","unstructured":"Royal Society. 2008 Ground-level ozone in the 21st century: future trends impacts and policy implications. Science Policy Report 15\/08. London UK: The Royal Society."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1210026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00694492"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs35095e"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(88)90161-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(89)90153-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.07.068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-2943-2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo551"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-437-2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-3-337-2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0124"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712555914"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11267-005-3011-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(98)80013-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutton MA Howard CM Erisman JW Billen G Bleeker A Grennfelt P van Grinsven H& Grizzetti B. 2011 The European Nitrogen Assessment: sources effects and policy perspectives . Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511976988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02179825"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.7835"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","first-page":"1757","volume-title":"Nitrogen in the marine environment","author":"Capone DG","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2003.00660.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","volume-title":"Review of Transboundary Air Pollution: acidification, eutrophication, ground level ozone and heavy metals in the UK","author":"RoTAP","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06579"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.02.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06591"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-7-2749-2010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","first-page":"299","article-title":"The Nitrogen cycle","volume":"296","author":"Stewart WDP","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1982.0030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390590936166"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/08-1140.1"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2013.0164","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rstb.2013.0164","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2013.0164","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:23:09Z","timestamp":1778620989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/22158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,5]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1621","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rstb.2013.0164"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2013.0164","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-07-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}