{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T07:16:32Z","timestamp":1780557392332,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1648","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,5]],"date-time":"2014-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Variation in cyanogenesis (hydrogen cyanide release following tissue damage) was first noted in populations of white clover more than a century ago, and subsequent decades of research have established this system as a classic example of an adaptive chemical defence polymorphism. Here, we document polymorphisms for cyanogenic components in several relatives of white clover, and we determine the molecular basis of this trans-specific adaptive variation. One hundred and thirty-nine plants, representing 13 of the 14 species within\n                    <jats:italic>Trifolium<\/jats:italic>\n                    section\n                    <jats:italic>Trifoliastrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , plus additional species across the genus, were assayed for cyanogenic components (cyanogenic glucosides and their hydrolysing enzyme, linamarase) and for the presence of underlying cyanogenesis genes (\n                    <jats:italic>CYP79D15<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Li<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively). One or both cyanogenic components were detected in seven species, all within section\n                    <jats:italic>Trifoliastrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; polymorphisms for the presence\/absence (PA) of components were detected in six species. In a pattern that parallels our previous findings for white clover, all observed biochemical polymorphisms correspond to gene PA polymorphisms at\n                    <jats:italic>CYP79D15<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Li<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Relationships of DNA sequence haplotypes at the cyanogenesis loci and flanking genomic regions suggest independent evolution of gene deletions within species. This study thus provides evidence for the parallel evolution of adaptive biochemical polymorphisms through recurrent gene deletions in multiple species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,24]],"date-time":"2014-06-24T00:40:12Z","timestamp":1403570412000},"page":"20130347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Adaptive gains through repeated gene loss: parallel evolution of cyanogenesis polymorphisms in the genus\n                    <i>Trifolium<\/i>\n                    (Fabaceae)"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"369","author":[{"given":"Kenneth M.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Kooyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda L.","family":"Small","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12177"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12350"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2008.00450.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3483"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"651","article-title":"Sur la pr\u00e9sence de l'acide cyanhydrique dans le tr\u00e8fle rampant (Trifolium repens L.)","volume":"155","author":"Mirande MM","year":"1912","journal-title":"C. 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