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The strepsirrhine primates (lemurs and lorises) have non-invasive, epitheliochorial placentation, although this is thought to be derived from a more invasive type. In haplorhine primates, there is differentiation of trophoblast at the blastocyst stage into syncytial and cellular trophoblast. Implantation involves syncytiotrophoblast that first removes the uterine epithelium then consolidates at the basal lamina before continuing into the stroma. In later stages of pregnancy, especially in Old World monkeys and apes, cytotrophoblast plays a greater role in the invasive process. Columns of trophoblast cells advance to the base of the implantation site where they spread out to form a cytotrophoblastic shell. In addition, cytotrophoblasts advance into the lumen of the spiral arteries. They are responsible for remodelling these vessels to form wide, low-resistance conduits. In human and great apes, there is additional invasion of the endometrium and its vessels by trophoblasts originating from the base of the anchoring villi. Deep trophoblast invasion that extends remodelling of the spiral arteries to segments in the inner myometrium evolved in the common ancestor of gorilla, chimp and human.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,19]],"date-time":"2015-01-19T22:59:03Z","timestamp":1421708343000},"page":"20140070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["The role of invasive trophoblast in implantation and placentation of primates"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"370","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8359-2085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony M.","family":"Carter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen C.","family":"Enders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Pijnenborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2005.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Comparative primate biology, vol. 3: reproduction and development","author":"Enders AC","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2010.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2006.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10641950701826711"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1932.0002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-031412-103653"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"93","article-title":"Etudes sur l'ovogen\u00e8se chez les l\u00e9muriens du genre Galago","volume":"43","author":"G\u00e9rard P","year":"1932","journal-title":"Arch. 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