{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T21:32:23Z","timestamp":1788816743822,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1671","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]],"date-time":"2015-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434672000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bacille Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) immunization provides variable protection against tuberculosis. Prenatal antigen exposure may have lifelong effects on responses to related antigens and pathogens. We therefore hypothesized that maternal latent\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection (LTBI) influences infant responses to BCG immunization at birth. We measured antibody (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 53) and cellular (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 31) responses to\n                    <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    purified protein derivative (PPD) in infants of mothers with and without LTBI, in cord blood and at one and six weeks after BCG. The concentrations of PPD-specific antibodies declined between birth (median [interquartile range (IQR)]) 5600 ng ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    [3300\u201311 050] in cord blood) and six weeks (0.00 ng ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    [0\u2013288]). Frequencies of PPD-specific IFN-\u03b3-expressing CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells increased at one week and declined between one and six weeks (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.031). Frequencies of IL-2- and TNF-\u03b1-expressing PPD-specific CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells increased between one and six weeks (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.019,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.009, respectively). At one week, the frequency of PPD-specific CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells expressing any of the three cytokines, combined, was lower among infants of mothers with LTBI, in crude analyses (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.002) and after adjusting for confounders (mean difference, 95% CI \u22120.041% (\u22120.082, \u22120.001)). In conclusion, maternal LTBI was associated with lower infant anti-mycobacterial T-cell responses immediately following BCG immunization. These findings are being explored further in a larger study.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,11]],"date-time":"2015-05-11T20:41:03Z","timestamp":1431376863000},"page":"20140137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The impact of maternal infection with\n                    <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>\n                    on the infant response to bacille Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin immunization"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"370","author":[{"given":"Patrice A.","family":"Mawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyaviira","family":"Nkurunungi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Egesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University College of Health Sciences, PO Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily L.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven G.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kizindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirriam","family":"Akello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swaib A.","family":"Lule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Muwanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entebbe Hospital, PO Box 29, Entebbe, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazel M.","family":"Dockrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Cose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison M.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta17370"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510330076038"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92348-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.9.1009"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"An atlas of sensitivity to tuberculin, PPD-B, and histoplasmin in the United States","volume":"99","author":"Edwards LB","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. 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