{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:25:11Z","timestamp":1778624711853,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1685","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,5]],"date-time":"2016-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451952000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004963","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Marie Curie IEF 329024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Marie Curie IEF 329024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology","award":["core budget"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["core budget"]}]},{"name":"European Union Infrastructures Program ASSEMBLE","award":["grant agreement no. 227799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant agreement no. 227799"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000082","name":"Division of Graduate Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-1143953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1143953"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000082","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The origin and extreme diversification of the animal nervous system is a central question in biology. While most of the attention has traditionally been paid to those lineages with highly elaborated nervous systems (e.g. arthropods, vertebrates, annelids), only the study of the vast animal diversity can deliver a comprehensive view of the evolutionary history of this organ system. In this regard, the phylogenetic position and apparently conservative molecular, morphological and embryological features of priapulid worms (Priapulida) place this animal lineage as a key to understanding the evolution of the Ecdysozoa (i.e. arthropods and nematodes). In this study, we characterize the nervous system of the hatching larva and first lorica larva of the priapulid worm\n                    <jats:italic>Priapulus caudatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    by immunolabelling against acetylated and tyrosinated tubulin, pCaMKII, serotonin and FMRFamide. Our results show that a circumoral brain and an unpaired ventral nerve with a caudal ganglion characterize the central nervous system of hatching embryos. After the first moult, the larva attains some adult features: a neck ganglion, an introvert plexus, and conspicuous secondary longitudinal neurites. Our study delivers a neuroanatomical framework for future embryological studies in priapulid worms, and helps illuminate the course of nervous system evolution in the Ecdysozoa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,23]],"date-time":"2015-11-23T20:48:01Z","timestamp":1448311681000},"page":"20150050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The larval nervous system of the penis worm\n                    <i>Priapulus caudatus<\/i>\n                    (Ecdysozoa)"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"371","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2572-1061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Mart\u00edn-Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thorm\u00f8hlensgate 55, Bergen 5008, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0075-4975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella H.","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain, and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1115-1774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Strausfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain, and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"},{"name":"Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2196-8507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Hejnol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thorm\u00f8hlensgate 55, Bergen 5008, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198566687.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.10.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10838"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000320218"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1231828"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00438"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2242"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(96)00620-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2005.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2041-9139-4-27"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1175"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2041-9139-1-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091627"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06614"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0896"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2014.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45798-6_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","volume-title":"Animal evolution.","author":"Nielsen C","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110272536","volume-title":"Handbook of zoology\u2014Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera","author":"Schmidt-Rhaesa A","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geobios.2003.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G30829.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12168"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","volume-title":"Ultrastrukturelle Untersuchungen an den Larven von Halicryptus spinulosus und Priapulus caudatus. 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