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B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Humans have never been healthier, wealthier or more numerous. Yet, present success may be at the cost of future prosperity and in some places, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, poverty persists. Livestock keepers, especially pastoralists, are over-represented among the poor. Poverty has been mainly attributed to a lack of access, whether to goods, education or enabling institutions. More recent insights suggest ecosystems may influence poverty and the self-reinforcing mechanisms that constitute poverty traps in more subtle ways. The plausibility of zoonoses as poverty traps is strengthened by landmark studies on disease burden in recent years. While in theory, endemic zoonoses are best controlled in the animal host, in practice, communities are often left to manage disease themselves, with the focus on treatment rather than prevention. We illustrate this with results from a survey on health costs in a pastoral ecosystem. Epidemic zoonoses are more likely to elicit official responses, but these can have unintended consequences that deepen poverty traps. In this context, a systems understanding of disease control can lead to more effective and pro-poor disease management. We illustrate this with an example of how a system dynamics model can help optimize responses to Rift Valley fever outbreaks in Kenya by giving decision makers real-time access to the costs of the delay in vaccinating. In conclusion, a broader, more ecological understanding of poverty and of the appropriate responses to the diseases of poverty can contribute to improved livelihoods for livestock keepers in Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the themed issue \u2018One Health for a changing world: zoonoses, ecosystems and human well-being\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]],"date-time":"2017-06-05T20:10:29Z","timestamp":1496693429000},"page":"20160166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Poor livestock keepers: ecosystem\u2013poverty\u2013health interactions"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"372","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0195-9489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia","family":"Grace","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Lindahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Wanyoike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Bett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Randolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl M.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","volume-title":"World Population Prospects: the 2015 revision, key findings and advance tables","author":"UN","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-0669-8","volume-title":"Global monitoring report 2015\/2016: development goals in an era of demographic change","author":"World Bank Group","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","volume-title":"Progress on sanitation and drinking water\u20142015 update and MDG assessment","author":"WHO\/UNICEF","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","volume-title":"The state of food insecurity in the world","author":"FAO","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60460-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","volume-title":"Global gender gap report 2015","author":"WEF","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","volume-title":"Trends in armed conflict, 1946\u20132014","author":"Gates S","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","volume-title":"World health statistics: monitoring health for the SDGs","author":"WHO","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1201534"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.3.871S"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","volume-title":"One planet how many people? 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