{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:01:33Z","timestamp":1792083693966,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1718","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488153600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HEFCE"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, it has been proposed that similar to goal-directed and habitual action mediated by the fronto-striatal circuits, the fronto-striato-subthalamic-pallidal-thalamo-cortical network may also mediate goal-directed and habitual (automatic) inhibition in both the motor and non-motor domains. Within this framework, some of the clinical manifestations of Parkinson's disease, dystonia, Tourette syndrome and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder can be considered to represent an imbalance between goal-directed and habitual action and inhibition. It is possible that surgical interventions targeting the basal ganglia nuclei, such as deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus or the internal segment of the globus pallidus, improve these disorders by restoring a functional balance between facilitation and inhibition in the fronto-striatal networks. These proposals require investigation in future studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the themed issue \u2018Movement suppression: brain mechanisms for stopping and stillness\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T20:10:18Z","timestamp":1488226218000},"page":"20160198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Inhibitory dysfunction contributes to some of the motor and non-motor symptoms of movement disorders and psychiatric disorders"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"372","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8018-7482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjan","family":"Jahanshahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1367-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John C.","family":"Rothwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.07.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.05.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013170"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn4038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2992-09.2010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1996.0134"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237911"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/380069a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4682-05.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0519-07.2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm044"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-10-06531.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn069"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0487-08.2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3456"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3093-13.2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00309"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3645-09.2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00027"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.016469"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2736-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.07.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu058"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2010.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.6.1142"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1146157"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq239"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000118202.19098.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21795"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3457-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-016-4577-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.10.070"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.131"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112851"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119901300211"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90074-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90110-V"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23695"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.08.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-150750"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0166-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.06.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892901564153"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/456298"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858414559101"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24778"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-150536"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318245d23c"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq324"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-015-1454-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.67.4.492"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00019-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12467"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww162"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26049"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","first-page":"823","article-title":"Non-demented Parkinson's disease patients with apathy show decreased grey matter volume in key executive and reward-related nodes","volume":"233","author":"Marinez-Horta S","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000941"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182698c75"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23268"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24138"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu329"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26378"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1697-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181fc27fa"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws326"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26108"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25475"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.7.1195"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.39.12.1204"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000266591.49624.1a"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000246112.19504.61"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn168"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1299783"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3834-08.2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_2","first-page":"294","article-title":"Pallidotomy and deep brain stimulation as a treatment for dystonia","volume":"52","author":"Vitek JI","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70035-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370313"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh665"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg209"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.59.5.493"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg273"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20270"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3564-08.2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2004.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh527"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-1891-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl283"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2008-15.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_101_2","article-title":"Neurophysiological correlates of abnormal somatosensory temporal discrimination in dystonia","author":"Antelmi E","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.2.511"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.9.1813"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(11)60190-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_105_2","first-page":"113","article-title":"Neurobiology of basal ganglia circuits in Tourette syndrome: faulty inhibition of unwanted motor patterns?","volume":"85","author":"Mink JW","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Neurol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.167"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502624102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu311"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-004-5287-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.120138"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-4-29"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.01.064"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.4.326"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.08121831"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.65.7.952"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.09.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00008-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1747"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu379"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10071062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.55"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2009.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0708514"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.192"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.104.4.558"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0202"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2016.0198","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rstb.2016.0198","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2016.0198","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:21:57Z","timestamp":1778620917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/23118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1718","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rstb.2016.0198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2016.0198","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-11-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-02-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}