{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:36:52Z","timestamp":1792679812526,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1726","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,19]],"date-time":"2017-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000032","name":"Institute of Infection and Immunity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP136973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP136973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Lm<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen. Infections in humans can lead to listeriosis, a systemic disease with a high mortality rate. One important mechanism of\n                    <jats:italic>Lm<\/jats:italic>\n                    dissemination involves cell-to-cell spread after bacteria have entered the cytosol of host cells. Listeriolysin O (LLO; encoded by the\n                    <jats:italic>hly<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene) is a virulence factor present in\n                    <jats:italic>Lm<\/jats:italic>\n                    that plays a central role in the cell-to-cell spread process. LLO is a member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) family of toxins that were initially thought to promote disease largely by inducing cell death and tissue destruction\u2014essentially acting like a \u2018bazooka\u2019. This view was supported by structural studies showing CDCs can form large pores in membranes. However, it is now appreciated that LLO has many subtle activities during\n                    <jats:italic>Lm<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection of host cells, and many of these likely do not involve large pores, but rather small membrane perforations. It is also appreciated that membrane repair pathways of host cells play a major role in limiting membrane damage by LLO and other toxins. LLO is now thought to represent a \u2018Swiss army knife\u2019, a versatile tool that allows\n                    <jats:italic>Lm<\/jats:italic>\n                    to induce many membrane alterations and cellular responses that promote bacterial dissemination during infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the themed issue \u2018Membrane pores: from structure and assembly, to medicine and technology\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,19]],"date-time":"2017-06-19T20:10:20Z","timestamp":1497903020000},"page":"20160222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Listeriolysin O: from bazooka to Swiss army knife"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"372","author":[{"given":"Suzanne E.","family":"Osborne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5802-7789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John H.","family":"Brumell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8"},{"name":"Sickkids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002356"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01067-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.6.3614-3618.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01143-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.2.897-905.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.7.3869-3877.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10287.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.3.1106-1112.1998","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes invasion of epithelial cells requires the MEK-1\/ERK-2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway","volume":"66","author":"Tang P","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. 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