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Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, substantial effort has gone into disentangling the genetic contribution to individual differences in behaviour (such as personality and temperament traits). Heritability estimates from twin and family studies, and more recently using whole genome approaches, suggest a substantial genetic component to these traits. However, efforts to identify the genes that influence these traits have had relatively little success. Here, we review current work investigating the heritability of individual differences in behavioural traits and provide an overview of the results from genome-wide association analyses of these traits to date. In addition, we discuss the implications of these findings for the potential applications of Mendelian randomization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences'.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]],"date-time":"2018-02-26T20:10:13Z","timestamp":1519675813000},"page":"20170162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Genetics of biologically based psychological differences"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"373","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4793-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Sallis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Davey Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4049-993X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus R.","family":"Munaf\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21039"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3097"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13595"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(85)90008-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00973.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(92)90238-K"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(91)90144-Z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(94)90083-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","unstructured":"Munaf\u00f2 MR. 2009 Behavioural genetics: from variance to DNA. 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